{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T16:41:26Z","timestamp":1791996086195,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,1]],"date-time":"2019-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1559347200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    produces botulinum neurotoxin (BoNT), which is the causative agent of botulism, a rare but serious disease that can result in death if not treated. Infant botulism occurs when\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    colonizes the intestinal tract of infants and produces BoNT. It has been proposed that infants under the age of 1 year are uniquely susceptible to colonization by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    as their intestinal microbiota is not fully developed and provides little competition, allowing\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    to thrive and produce BoNT in the gut. There are seven well-characterized serotypes (A\u2013G) of BoNT identified by the ability of specific antitoxins to neutralize BoNTs. Molecular technology has allowed researchers to narrow these further into subtypes based on nucleic acid sequences of the botulinum toxin (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bont<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene. One of the most recently recognized subtypes for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bont<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/B is subtype\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bont<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/B7. We identified through whole genome sequencing five\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates harboring\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">bont<\/jats:italic>\n                    \/B7 from CDC's strain collection, including patient isolates and an epidemiologically linked isolate from an opened infant formula container. In this study, we report the results of whole genome sequencing analysis of these\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    subtype bont\/B7 isolates. Average nucleotide identity and high quality single nucleotide polymorphism (hqSNP) analysis resulted in two major clades. The epidemiologically linked isolates differed from each other by 2\u20136 hqSNPs, and this clade separated from the other isolates by 95\u2013119 hqSNPs, corroborating available epidemiological evidence.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2018.2600","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,4,1]],"date-time":"2019-04-01T10:41:13Z","timestamp":1554115273000},"page":"428-433","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Molecular Characterization of\n                    <i>Clostridium botulinum<\/i>\n                    Harboring the\n                    <i>bont<\/i>\n                    \/B7 Gene"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Jessica L.","family":"Halpin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, National Botulism and Enteric Toxins Team, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Dykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, National Botulism and Enteric Toxins Team, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, National Botulism and Enteric Toxins Team, Atlanta, Georgia."},{"name":"Center for Food Safety, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominick A.","family":"Centurioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, David Axelrod Institute, Albany, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Perry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, David Axelrod Institute, Albany, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christina T.","family":"Egan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York State Department of Health, Wadsworth Center, David Axelrod Institute, Albany, New York."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carolina","family":"L\u00faquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, National Botulism and Enteric Toxins Team, Atlanta, Georgia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit449"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"1998","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Botulism in the United States (1899\u20131996). Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and LAboratory Workers. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, (ed.). Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, CDC, 1998.","journal-title":"Handbook for Epidemiologists, Clinicians, and LAboratory Workers"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/1.4.693"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","first-page":"1030","article-title":"A 10 year analysis of the use of multiplex real-time PCR screening for botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridium species","volume":"3","author":"Davis SW","year":"2016","unstructured":"Davis SW, , Kelly-cirino CD, , Cirino NM, , Hannett GE, , Musser KA, , Egan C. A 10 year analysis of the use of multiplex real-time PCR screening for botulinum neurotoxin-producing clostridium species. J Bacteriol Mycol, 2016; 3:1030\u20131038.","journal-title":"J Bacteriol Mycol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268813001258"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxicon.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/ijs.0.64483-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btt086"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.3.1.66"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","first-page":"2408","volume":"154","author":"Jacobson MJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Jacobson MJ, , Lin G, , Whittam TS, , Johnson EA. Phylogenetic analysis of Clostridium botulinum type A by multi-locus sequence typing. 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Microbiology (Reading, England) 2008b;154:2408\u20132415.","journal-title":"Clostridium botulinum"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ac504716v"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-012-5767-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00375"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btq284"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2013.00288"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv327"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00109"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.43.1.511-513.2005"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13059-016-0997-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9010038"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9030094"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3295"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/444507"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken1952.41.21"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meegid.2013.02.022"}],"container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/fpd.2018.2600","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpd.2018.2600","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpd.2018.2600","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:23:13Z","timestamp":1777443793000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/fpd.2018.2600"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/fpd.2018.2600"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/fpd.2018.2600","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-3141","1556-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-3141","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-7125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,6]]}}}