{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T00:16:56Z","timestamp":1788999416031,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a common contaminant of macadamia nut kernels in the subtropical state of Queensland (QLD), Australia. We hypothesized that nonhuman sources in the plantation environment contaminate macadamia nuts. We applied a modified Hald source attribution model to attribute\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovars and phage types detected on macadamia nuts from 1998 to 2017 to specific animal and environmental sources. Potential sources were represented by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    types isolated from avian, companion animal, biosolids-soil-compost, equine, porcine, poultry, reptile, ruminant, and wildlife samples by the QLD Health reference laboratory. Two attribution models were applied: model 1 merged data across 1998\u20132017, whereas model 2 pooled data into 5-year time intervals. Model 1 attributed 47% (credible interval, CrI: 33.6\u201360.8) of all\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    detections on macadamia nuts to biosolids-soil-compost. Wildlife and companion animals were found to be the second and third most important contamination sources, respectively. Results from model 2 showed that the importance of the different sources varied between the different time periods; for example,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    contamination from biosolids-soil-compost varied from 4.4% (CrI: 0.2\u201311.7) in 1998\u20132002 to 19.3% (CrI: 4.6\u201339.4) in 2003\u20132007, and the proportion attributed to poultry varied from 4.8% (CrI: 1\u201311) in 2008\u20132012 to 24% (CrI: 11.3\u201340.7) in 2013\u20132017. Findings suggest that macadamia nuts were contaminated by direct transmission from animals with access to the plantations (e.g., wildlife and companion animals) or from indirect transmission from animal reservoirs through biosolids-soil-compost. The findings from this study can be used to guide environmental and wildlife sampling and analysis to further investigate routes of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    contamination of macadamia nuts and propose control options to reduce potential risk of human salmonellosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2706","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,5]],"date-time":"2019-12-05T14:15:12Z","timestamp":1575555312000},"page":"357-364","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Source Attribution of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    in Macadamia Nuts to Animal and Environmental Reservoirs in Queensland, Australia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nanna","family":"Munck","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety Standards and Regulation, Health Protection Branch, Department of Health, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Public Health Microbiology, Public &amp; Environmental Health, Forensic and Scientific Services, Health Support Queensland, Department of Health, Brisbane, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn","family":"Glass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tine","family":"Hald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martyn D.","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.PFS-0023-2018"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"CBI. CBI Centre for the Promotion of Imports from developing countries. Market Survey: The Preserved Fruit and Vegetables Market in the EU June 2008 the Netherlands Ministry of Foreign Affairs 2008."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","unstructured":"CDC. Outbreak of Salmonella Serotype Enteritidis Infections Associated with Raw Almonds\u2014United States and Canada 2003\u20142004. MMWR 2004. Available at: www.cdc.gov\/mmwr\/preview\/mmwrhtml\/mm5322a8.htm accessed July29 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12483"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268818002224"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","unstructured":"Freshcare. Using compost safely. A guide for the use of recycled organics in horticulture n.d. Available at: www.freshcare.com.au\/wp-content\/uploads\/Compost-Factsheet-Growers.pdf accessed May21 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/risa.12444"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0272-4332.2004.00427.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S095026880400216X"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2009.08.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1539-6924.2009.01224.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.01.021"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.00334"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","unstructured":"NSW Food Authority. Report on the prevalence of Salmonella and E. coli in ready to eat nuts and nut products sold in Australia 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007187"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2007.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857097484.2.274"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1533\/9780857092885.450"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-16-396"}],"container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/fpd.2019.2706","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpd.2019.2706","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpd.2019.2706","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:23:31Z","timestamp":1777443811000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/fpd.2019.2706"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/fpd.2019.2706"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/fpd.2019.2706","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-3141","1556-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-3141","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-7125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]}}}