{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:36:12Z","timestamp":1777642572892,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,1]],"date-time":"2020-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1588291200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are a globally important cause of bacterial gastroenteritis, with Australia experiencing higher rates of illness than many comparable high-income countries. Despite the high disease incidence, outbreaks of campylobacteriosis in Australia are infrequently detected and reported. We examined the epidemiology of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    outbreaks in Australia, with particular emphasis on assessing transmission routes and evidence as reported during public health investigations. A national register of enteric and foodborne disease outbreaks was used to summarize data on all\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    outbreaks reported in Australia between 2001 and 2016. Outbreak data were reviewed and analyzed for trends over time. Additional information was sought from state and territory epidemiologists, to validate transmission routes. A total of 84\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    outbreaks were reported, with 51 (61%) being classified as foodborne. Specific food vehicles were identified for 33 (65%) outbreaks, with 28 (85%) implicating chicken or chicken-containing dishes. Although no increase in the proportion of foodborne\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    outbreaks was observed, examination of specific food vehicles demonstrated a significant increase in outbreaks because of poultry-liver containing foods (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.04). One quarter of all 1042 outbreak-associated cases occurred in aged-care facilities (ACFs), including 17 associated hospitalizations and three deaths. After review of evidence data, 23 outbreaks (27%) were determined to have an unknown route of transmission, including 10 (43%) outbreaks occurring in ACFs.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Campylobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. remain a less commonly reported cause of gastroenteritis outbreaks in Australia. Although many reported outbreaks can be linked to foodborne transmission, over a quarter were unable to identify either a food vehicle or transmission source, particularly for outbreaks occurring in aged care. Increased efforts to improve evidence collection and understanding of transmission dynamics for outbreaks of campylobacteriosis, particularly in aged care, are required.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2731","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,11,18]],"date-time":"2019-11-18T14:19:12Z","timestamp":1574086752000},"page":"308-315","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Characteristics of\n                    <i>Campylobacter<\/i>\n                    Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in Australia, 2001 to 2016"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Cameron R.M.","family":"Moffatt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Fearnley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia."},{"name":"South Australian Department for Health and Wellbeing, OzFoodNet, Adelaide, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Bell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OzFoodNet, Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Wright","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Australian Government Department of Health, OzFoodNet, Office of Health Protection, Canberra, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joy","family":"Gregory","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health and Human Services, OzFoodNet, Communicable Disease Epidemiology and Surveillance, Melbourne, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Sloan-Gardner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OzFoodNet, Communicable Disease Control, Health Protection Service, Australian Capital Territory Health Directorate, Canberra, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martyn","family":"Kirk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Stafford","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"OzFoodNet, Communicable Diseases Branch, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","unstructured":"Australian Bureau of Agricultural and Resource Economics and Sciences (ABARES). Agricultural Commodities: March Quarter 2019. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","volume-title":"National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System","author":"Australian Government Department of Health","year":"2019","unstructured":"Australian Government Department of Health. National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. Notification Rates (per 100,000 population) 1991 - present, Australia. Canberra, ACT: Australian Government, 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","volume-title":"Guidelines for the Public Health Management of Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Due to Norovirus or Suspected Viral Agents in Australia","author":"Communicable Diseases Network Australia","year":"2010","unstructured":"Communicable Diseases Network Australia. Guidelines for the Public Health Management of Gastroenteritis Outbreaks Due to Norovirus or Suspected Viral Agents in Australia. Australian Government Department of Health, (ed.): Commonwealth of Australia, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-6405.2010.00602.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","unstructured":"Environmental Health Committee (enHealth). Guidance on use of rainwater tanks. Australian Government Department of Health (ed.). Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","first-page":"5077","article-title":"The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2016","volume":"15","author":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC)","year":"2017","unstructured":"European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) and European Centre for Disease Control (ECDC). The European Union summary report on trends and sources of zoonoses, zoonotic agents and food-borne outbreaks in 2016. EFSA J, 2017; 15:5077.","journal-title":"EFSA J"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (FSANZ). Standard 4.2.4 Primary Production and Processing Standard for Dairy Products (Australia Only). Canberra: FSANZ 2009."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2018.00086"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","unstructured":"Gastrointestinal Infections Department. Campylobacter Data 2007 to 2016. 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