{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T22:15:34Z","timestamp":1785449734854,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,1]],"date-time":"2021-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1617235200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a protozoan with worldwide distribution that infects birds and mammals, including humans. The consumption of free-range chicken meat is a common practice in many parts of the world. However, little information is available concerning the molecular prevalence and genotypes of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in free-range chickens intended for human consumption in China. In this study, a total of 1360 serum samples were collected from food markets in Hunan province of China for detecting\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    antibodies by indirect hemagglutination assay. In addition, 650 brain tissues were also collected to investigate\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA by amplification of B1 gene with a seminested polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and the positive DNA samples were typed at 10 genetic markers using multilocus PCR\u2013restriction fragment length polymorphism. Antibodies to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    were detected in 457 of the examined serum samples (33.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 31.1\u201336.1), and 72 DNA samples (11.1%; 95% CI: 8.6\u201313.4) were positive for the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    B1 gene. In this study, region and age of free-range chickens were shown to be risk factors for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Two genotypes (ToxoDB#9 and ToxoDB#52) were identified from two samples with complete genotyping results. Our study revealed a high prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in free-range chickens intended for human consumption in Hunan province, suggesting that recommendations to consumers should be made, especially in some regions of China where consumption of undercooked chicken meat is common. This is the first genetic characterization of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in free-range chickens intended for human consumption in Hunan province, China, and also the first report of genotype ToxoDB#52 in China.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2020.2844","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,11]],"date-time":"2020-12-11T18:41:03Z","timestamp":1607712063000},"page":"253-259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Seroprevalence, Risk Factors, and Genotypes of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    in Free-Range Chickens Intended for Human Consumption in China"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Qiu-Yan","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min-Xiu","family":"Quan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua-Li","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China."},{"name":"College of Animal Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xi-Ting","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guo-Hua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shi-Feng","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Engineering in Animal Vaccines, College of Veterinary Medicine, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02097180"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2014.05.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2011.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-5-110"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","first-page":"243","article-title":"Seroepidemiological survey of chickens infected with Toxoplasma gondii in Wuxi city","volume":"24","author":"Ding GE","year":"2012","unstructured":"Ding GE, , Xu MB, , Zhou YH, , Fang F, , Cui HP. Seroepidemiological survey of chickens infected with Toxoplasma gondii in Wuxi city. Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi, 2012; 24:243\u2013245.","journal-title":"Zhongguo Xue Xi Chong Bing Fang Zhi Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.02108"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","first-page":"60","volume-title":"Toxoplasma gondii","author":"Dubey JP","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii infections in chickens (Gallus domesticus): Prevalence, clinical disease, diagnosis and public health significance. Zoonoses Public Hlth 2010a;57:60\u201373."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","first-page":"1","volume-title":"Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, 2nd edition","author":"Dubey JP","year":"2010","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans, 2nd edition. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 2010b, pp. 1\u2013313."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1349.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/ajvr.1993.54.10.1668"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1846.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2006.12.016"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2005.01332.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","article-title":"Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninumin free-range chickens in Henan province of China","volume":"2016","author":"Feng Y","year":"2016","unstructured":"Feng Y, , Lu Y, , Wang Y, , Liu J, , Zhang L, , Yang Y. Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninumin free-range chickens in Henan province of China. 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Free-range chickens from Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil, as asymptomatic intermediate hosts for Toxoplasma gondii clonal type I and typical Brazilian genotypes. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports, 2018; 13:55\u201359.","journal-title":"Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2007.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2019.107775"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2019.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.00355"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2019.2481"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/s1984-29612017033"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182009991065"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2006.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2004.01073.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_36_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"Foll detection of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goats blood samples by PCR-RFLP in Urmia","volume":"4","author":"Tavassoli M","year":"2013","unstructured":"Tavassoli M, , Ghorbanzadehghan M, , Esmaeilnejad B. 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