{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T10:09:17Z","timestamp":1788430157334,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,1]],"date-time":"2022-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1654041600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Foodborne botulism is a rapidly progressive potentially fatal paralyzing illness caused by the consumption of botulinum neurotoxin, which is most commonly produced by\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Clostridium botulinum.<\/jats:italic>\n                    Refrigeration is the primary barrier to botulinum neurotoxin production in many processed foods.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    toxin production has occurred and caused botulism in the United States when foods that were not processed to destroy spores of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    were stored in an anaerobic environment and not properly refrigerated. We identified 37 cases, including 4 deaths, that occurred during 1994\u20132021 in the United States from 13 events associated with inadequate refrigeration of commercially produced products. In 11 events, the patient stored the product unrefrigerated at home; in 2 events, a product was kept unrefrigerated at the store before the consumer purchased it. In three events, refrigeration instructions were inadequate or not easily accessible (one label printed on outer but not inner packaging, one label not clearly visible, and one label was not in English). The number of people affected per event ranged from 1 to 16. Using enhanced cost estimates for foodborne botulism cases from a published economic model, these events were estimated to cost &gt;$79M. Potential solutions to this recurring problem include the addition of a secondary barrier, such as an acidifier, to prevent botulinum toxin production, and better labeling to convey risks of refrigerated foods that have not been processed to destroy spores of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">C. botulinum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and to decrease the occurrence of improper storage and handling.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2021.0023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,17]],"date-time":"2022-06-17T11:25:39Z","timestamp":1655465139000},"page":"417-422","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Inadequate Refrigeration of Some Commercial Foods Is a Continued Cause of Foodborne Botulism in the United States, 1994\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6997-5859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seth","family":"Edmunds","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Duc J.","family":"Vugia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond and Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilary E.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"California Department of Public Health, Richmond and Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen K.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Janet K.","family":"Dykes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Laboratory Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia M.","family":"Griffin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin","family":"Chatham-Stephens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Enteric Diseases Epidemiology Branch, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","unstructured":"Audits International Ecolab Food and Drug Administration. EcoSure 2007 Cold Temperature Storage of Food in Retail Establishments and Consumer Homes. 2007. Available at: https:\/\/www.foodrisk.org\/resources\/display\/21 accessed October8 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.4.1713-1715.2004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","unstructured":"[CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Botulism Annual Summary 2003. 2003. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nationalsurveillance\/pdfs\/botulism_cste_2003.pdf accessed October8 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","first-page":"1098","article-title":"Botulism Associated with Commercial Carrot Juice\u2014Georgia and Florida, September 2006","volume":"55","author":"CDC","year":"2006","unstructured":"CDC. Botulism Associated with Commercial Carrot Juice\u2014Georgia and Florida, September 2006. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2006; 55:1098\u20131099.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","first-page":"890","article-title":"Notes from the field: Botulism caused by consumption of commercially produced potato soups stored improperly\u2014Ohio and Georgia, 2011","volume":"60","author":"CDC","year":"2011","unstructured":"CDC. Notes from the field: Botulism caused by consumption of commercially produced potato soups stored improperly\u2014Ohio and Georgia, 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 2011; 60:890.","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","unstructured":"CDC. Botulism Annual Summary 2016. 2016. Available at: https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/botulism\/pdf\/Botulism-2016-SUMMARY-508.pdf accessed October8 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","unstructured":"[FDA] Food and Drug Administration. Press Release No. P89-20. 1989. Available at: https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20040409151558\/https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/bbs\/topics\/NEWS\/NEW00120.html accessed October8 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","unstructured":"FDA. Guidance on Labeling of Foods That Need Refrigeration by Consumers. 1997. Available at: https:\/\/www.govinfo.gov\/content\/pkg\/FR-1997-02-24\/pdf\/97-4364.pdf accessed October8 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","unstructured":"FDA. U.S. Food Temperature Evaluation Design and Summary Pages. 1999. Available at: https:\/\/www.foodrisk.org\/resources\/sendFile\/3 accessed October8 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","unstructured":"FDA. Guidance for Industry: Refrigerated Carrot Juice and Other Refrigerated Low-Acid Juices. 2007. Available at: https:\/\/www.fda.gov\/regulatory-information\/search-fda-guidance-documents\/guidance-industry-refrigerated-carrot-juice-and-other-refrigerated-low-acid-juices accessed October8 2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-17-012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1997.00348.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/379326"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","article-title":"Outbreak of foodborne botulism associated with prepackaged pouches of liquid herbal tea","volume":"6","author":"Kim M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kim M, , Zahn M, , Reporter R, et al. Outbreak of foodborne botulism associated with prepackaged pouches of liquid herbal tea. 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