{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,26]],"date-time":"2026-10-26T20:18:28Z","timestamp":1793045908345,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovar Kentucky is frequently isolated from chickens and dairy cattle, but recovery from humans is comparatively low based on the U.S. National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) reports. We aimed to better describe the genetic diversity, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence determinants of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Kentucky isolates from humans, food animal ceca, retail meat and poultry products, imported foods and food products, and other samples. We analyzed the genomes of 774\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Kentucky isolates and found that 63% (54\/86) of human isolates were sequence type (ST)198, 33% (29\/86) were ST152, and 3.5% (3\/86) were ST314. Ninety-one percent (570\/629) of cecal isolates and retail meat and poultry isolates were ST152 or ST152-like (one allele difference), and 9.2% (58\/629) were ST198. Isolates from imported food were mostly ST198 (60%, 22\/37) and ST314 (29.7%, 11\/37). ST198 isolates clustered into two main lineages. Clade ST198.2 comprised almost entirely isolates from humans and imported foods, all containing triple mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) that confer resistance to fluoroquinolones. Clade ST198.1 contained isolates from humans, ceca, retail meat and poultry products, and imported foods that largely lacked QRDR mutations. ST152 isolates from cattle had a lineage (Clade 2) distinct from ST152 isolates from chicken (Clade 4), and half of ST152 human isolates clustered within two other clades (Clades 1 and 3), largely distinct from Clades 2 and 4. Although clinical illness associated with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Kentucky is low, ST198 appears to account for most human infections in the Unites States but is uncommon among ceca of domestic food animals and retail meat and poultry products. These findings, combined with human exposure data, suggest that fluoroquinolone-resistant ST198 infections may be linked to the consumption of food products that are imported or consumed while traveling. We also found unique differences in the composition of virulence genes and antimicrobial resistance genes among the clades, which may provide clues to the host specificity and pathogenicity of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    Kentucky lineages.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2022.0005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,12]],"date-time":"2022-08-12T11:34:22Z","timestamp":1660304062000},"page":"509-521","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Genomic Diversity, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Virulence Gene Profiles of\n                    <i>Salmonella<\/i>\n                    Serovar Kentucky Isolated from Humans, Food, and Animal Ceca Content Sources in the United States"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1072-9500","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather","family":"Tate","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Hao","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica C.","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven L.","family":"Foley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, Arkansas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason P.","family":"Folster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise K.","family":"Francois Watkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne, and Environmental Diseases, National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Glenn E.","family":"Tillman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Safety and Inspection Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, Athens, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Epiphanie","family":"Nyirabahizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Veterinary Medicine, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Laurel, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11111307"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cmb.2012.0021"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.203832"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkaa345"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2006\/006726-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_1","unstructured":"[CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. FoodNet Fast: Pathogen Surveillance Tool. Atlanta Georgia. 2021a. Available at: http:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/foodnetfast accessed March1 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_1","unstructured":"[CDC] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Outbreak Reporting System Dashboard. Atlanta Georgia. 2021b. Available at: http:\/\/wwwn.cdc.gov\/norsdashboard accessed July12 2021."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1009357"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13756-015-0056-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_1","volume-title":"Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases,","author":"Committee on Infectious Diseases","year":"2021","unstructured":"Committee on Infectious Diseases. Red Book (2021): Report of the Committee on Infectious Diseases, 32nd ed. In: Kimberlin DW, Barnett ED, Lynfield R, and Sawyer MH (eds.). 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