{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,2]],"date-time":"2026-06-02T23:07:06Z","timestamp":1780441626742,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1701216000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    can cause severe foodborne illness, including miscarriage during pregnancy or death in newborn infants. When outbreaks of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    illness occur, it may be possible to determine the food source of the outbreak. However, most reported\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    illnesses do not occur as part of a recognized outbreak and most of the time the food source of sporadic\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    illness in people cannot be determined. In the United States,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates from patients, foods, and environments are routinely sequenced and analyzed by whole genome multilocus sequence typing (wgMLST) for outbreak detection by PulseNet, the national molecular surveillance system for foodborne illnesses. We investigated whether machine learning approaches applied to wgMLST allele call data could assist in attribution analysis of food source of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. We compiled isolates with a known source from five food categories (dairy, fruit, meat, seafood, and vegetable) using the metadata of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates in PulseNet, deduplicated closely genetically related isolates, and developed random forest models to predict the food sources of isolates. Prediction accuracy of the final model varied across the food categories; it was highest for meat (65%), followed by fruit (45%), vegetable (45%), dairy (44%), and seafood (37%); overall accuracy was 49%, compared with the naive prediction accuracy of 28%. Our results show that random forest can be used to capture genetically complex features of high-resolution wgMLST for attribution of isolates to their sources.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0046","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,12]],"date-time":"2023-09-12T17:03:16Z","timestamp":1694538196000},"page":"579-586","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Predicting Food Sources of\n                    <i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>\n                    Based on Genomic Profiling Using Random Forest Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Weidong","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9355-4472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhaohui","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven","family":"Stroika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1017-8895","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heather A.","family":"Carleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amanda","family":"Conrad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2533-9161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee S.","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"LaTonia C.","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleanor S.","family":"Click","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beau B.","family":"Bruce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Foodborne, Waterborne and Environmental Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw569"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10051070"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1901.120393"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0503252102"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0231393"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-018-1363-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac550"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/genetics\/131.2.479"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.02136-21"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X.JFP-13-150"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02493-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mSphere.00252-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw242"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028x.jfp-15-384"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2015.00208"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/cmr.00060-19"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mgen.0.000135"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606567113"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2023.100117"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmicrobiol.2016.185"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(20)30122-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2017.2324"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268816001503"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00282-12"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2508.180761"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/597402"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.01177-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11060691"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03085-16"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2019.2637"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00546-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2013.00087"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfp.2023.100089"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000203"}],"container-title":["Foodborne 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