{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T02:43:06Z","timestamp":1789180986816,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,1]],"date-time":"2024-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1706745600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    , an important food-borne zoonotic parasite, poses a worldwide public health hazard. Domestic pigs are considered one of the main intermediate hosts in the zoonotic transmission of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    . To date, seroepidemiological information on\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    in domestic pigs in India is very scarce, and there are no reports of occupational hazards to pig farmers in this country. Here, we aimed at estimating the occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    (antibodies and parasite DNA) in slaughtered pigs and pig farmers in Central India. Seroprevalence was determined in 410 serum samples from slaughtered pigs and 103 sera from pig farmers using an in-house prepared antigen-based modified agglutination test (MAT), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and indirect-fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). Anti-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG antibodies were detected in 200 pigs (up to 48.8%, confidence interval [95% CI]: 40.4\u201352.2) and 44 pig farmers (up to 42.7%, 95% CI: 35.6\u201347.3) using MAT, ELISA, and IFAT. Inter-rater agreement showed an excellent agreement (kappa\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03ba<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.9) among the different serological tests suggesting similar detection potential of these tests. Recently acquired infections in all seropositive subjects were determined using IgG avidity testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). IgG avidity showed that 20 (10.3%) of slaughtered pigs and 8 (19.5%) pig farmers had a recently acquired infection. PCR for B1 and 529 repeats was performed in the heart tissues of slaughtered pigs and the blood cells of pig farmers.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA was detected in 14 (7.2%) slaughtered pigs and 5 (12.2%) pig farmers. Univariate analysis revealed that adult animals (&gt;1 year), cats and rodents on the farm, and outdoor access are common factors (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009\u2264\u20090.05) associated with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in pigs. Our results indicate that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is widely distributed in slaughtered pigs and pig farmers at risk of infection, highlighting a potential zoonotic transmission and health risk to consumers.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,9]],"date-time":"2023-11-09T12:00:25Z","timestamp":1699531225000},"page":"99-108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Serological and Molecular Detection of\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    in Domestic Pigs Intended for Human Consumption and Potential Occupational Hazard to Pig Farmers in India"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Megha","family":"Roy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veena","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pallabi","family":"Mitra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeshwant","family":"Umbardand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health &amp; Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal &amp; Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vaishnavi","family":"Sapate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health &amp; Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal &amp; Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Waqar","family":"Khan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Veterinary Public Health &amp; Epidemiology, Nagpur Veterinary College, Maharashtra Animal &amp; Fishery Sciences University, Nagpur, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0637-5615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abhijit S.","family":"Deshmukh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Parasitology Laboratory, DBT-National Institute of Animal Biotechnology, Hyderabad, India."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","unstructured":"Annual Report 2020\u201321 Department of Animal Husbandry Government of India 2021. Available from: www.dahd.nic.in\/annual_report [Last accessed: June 1 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.27.8.1787-1792.1989"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-021-07245-1"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","first-page":"2089","article-title":"Pig production system as a source of livelihood in Indian scenario: An overview","volume":"5","author":"Chauhan A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Chauhan A, , Patel BHM, , Maurya R, et al. Pig production system as a source of livelihood in Indian scenario: An overview. Int J Sci Environ Technol, 2016; 5(4):2089\u20132096.","journal-title":"Int J Sci Environ Technol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104643"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2021.102402"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1645\/GE-1159.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-016-1753-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dubey JP. Toxoplasmosis of Animals and Humans. 3rd ed. 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