{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T11:00:33Z","timestamp":1780311633049,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740614400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a ubiquitous parasitic protozoan that can cause neurological and psychiatric disorders, potentially impacting human emotional behavior. This study aimed to explore serological and molecular evidence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in opioid abusers in northern Iran. In this case\u2013control study, opioid abusers who were referred to substance abuse rehabilitation centers in Mazandaran Province, northern Iran, were enrolled. Blood samples were collected from the participants to perform a serological assay to detect\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG and IgM antibodies. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test was also conducted on buffy coats of the blood samples. The study comprised a total of 474 participants, with 239 individuals being opioid abusers and 235 healthy individuals serving as the control group. The results indicated that 163 opioid abusers (68.2%) were positive for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG, whereas 76 (31.8%) were negative. Among the control group, 63 individuals (26.8%) tested positive for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG, whereas 172 (73.2%) tested negative. This difference was statistically significant according to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.01, odds ratio (OR) = 2.67, and 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.03\u20134.15. In addition, 7.1% (17\/239) of the case and 2.1% (5\/235) of the control groups were PCR positive for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                    DNA. This difference was statistically significant (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.01; OR = 2.96; 95%; CI = 0.94\u20137.01). In contrast, all of the participants were negative for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgM antibodies. Our findings demonstrated that the sero-molecular prevalence of latent\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection in opioid abusers is significantly higher than that in healthy individuals. This suggests a potential correlation between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                    IgG antibody positivity and PCR results with opioid abuse.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2023.0150","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]],"date-time":"2025-02-27T12:53:01Z","timestamp":1740660781000},"page":"201-207","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["The Potential Association Between Latent\n                    <i>Toxoplasma gondii<\/i>\n                    Infection and Opioid Abuse: A Registry-Based Sero-Molecular Case\u2013Control Study"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Mahdi","family":"Fakhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran."},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ali","family":"Abbasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Forensic Medicine, Sari Branch, Azad University, Sari, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoud","family":"Vatanpour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Student Research Committee, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akbar","family":"Hedayatizadeh-Omran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahram","family":"Divsalar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Zare Hospital Laboratory, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zahra","family":"Hosseininejad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Iranian National Registry Center for Lophomoniasis and Toxoplasmosis, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4835-9349","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zakaria","family":"Zakariaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxicology and Forensic Medicine Division, Mazandaran Registry Center for Opioids Poisoning, Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Imam Khomeini Hospital, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.heliyon.2020.e05645"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3855\/jidc.4796"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0912-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13550"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"The effects of opium addiction on the immune system function in patients with fungal infection","volume":"8","author":"Ayatollahi-Mousavi SA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Ayatollahi-Mousavi SA, , Asadikaram G, , Nakhaee N, et al. The effects of opium addiction on the immune system function in patients with fungal infection. Addict Health, 2016; 8(4):218\u2013226.","journal-title":"Addict Health"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens11111274"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2018.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14787210.2018.1483721"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2014.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2009.01.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2008.00345.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2639"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.929"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2016.03.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2006.00097.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-015-0901-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2018.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.152.8.1228"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5812\/ijhrba.106458"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89031-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","first-page":"119","volume-title":"Foodborne Parasites","author":"Hill DE","year":"2018","unstructured":"Hill DE, , Dubey JP. Toxoplasma gondii.In: Foodborne Parasites: Springer: Cham; 2018; pp. 119\u201338."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.parint.2018.07.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/traa133"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-022-00559-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104434"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-020-07022-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/0037-8682-0214-2017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb.09.89"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jog.14184"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0007807"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2007.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fawpar.2019.e00049"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06979-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.12423"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_36_1","first-page":"3","volume-title":"Geography of Mazandaran Province","author":"Tarzban S","year":"2008","unstructured":"Tarzban S, , Hadian AA. Geography of Mazandaran Province. Ministry of Education Publication: Tehran, Iran; 2008:3\u20137."},{"key":"e_1_3_5_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12980\/jad.6.2017JADWEB-2017-0008"}],"container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/fpd.2023.0150","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpd.2023.0150","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpd.2023.0150","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T10:01:14Z","timestamp":1780308074000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/fpd.2023.0150"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]},"references-count":36,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/fpd.2023.0150"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/fpd.2023.0150","relation":{},"ISSN":["1535-3141","1556-7125"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1535-3141","type":"print"},{"value":"1556-7125","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,27]]}}}