{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T15:03:46Z","timestamp":1790089426849,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1731024000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Foodborne Pathogens and Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Focusing on the global epidemiology and subtype distribution of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. in camelids (camels and alpacas), the present systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. Utilizing relevant keywords, a thorough search was conducted on four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Web of Science) with no time constraints up to April 1, 2024. Total estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were subsequently calculated using a random-effects model. Finally, 11 studies with 18 datasets provided the required data. The global prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. in camelids was estimated at 22%, with a 95% CI of 17.2\u201327.6%. Among 1061 camels, the pooled prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. was 21.6% (95% CI: 16.6\u201327.6%) across 5 countries, which was lower than the 23.5% (95% CI: 12.2\u201343.1%) found in 449 tested alpacas across 3 countries. Camels were found to carry 15 genetically diverse subtypes (STs) of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. (ST1\u2013ST7, ST10, ST14, ST15, ST21, ST24, ST25, ST26, and ST30). Among these, ST10 exhibited the highest pooled prevalence [five datasets, 38.3% (95% CI: 22.4\u201357.1%)], followed by ST1 [three datasets, 24% (95% CI: 6\u201361.2%)] and ST14 [four datasets, 15.2% (95% CI: 6.7\u201331%)]. Alpacas exhibited three distinct STs (ST5, ST10, and ST14). Among these, ST10 [four datasets, 50.3% (95% CI: 33.3\u201367.3%)] had the greatest weighted frequency, with ST14 [four datasets, 40.2% (95% CI: 23.8\u201359.1%)] following closely behind. Of note, 9 zoonotic STs (ST1\u2013ST7, ST10, and ST14) have been identified in camels and 3 in alpacas (ST5, ST10, and ST14) out of the 16 zoonotic STs (ST1-ST10, ST12, ST14, ST16, ST23, ST35, and ST41) of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. reported to date. Overall, camelids (camels and alpacas) can serve as a diverse reservoir for various\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. STs, potentially contributing to infections in humans, animals, and water sources. Nevertheless, research in this area is somewhat restricted, necessitating careful interpretation of the findings.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2024.0059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]],"date-time":"2024-11-08T09:49:37Z","timestamp":1731059377000},"page":"595-604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Molecular Epidemiology, Subtype Distribution, and Zoonotic Importance of\n                    <i>Blastocystis<\/i>\n                    sp. in Camelids (Camels and Alpacas): A Worldwide Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Asghari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Hanifeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Danesh Alborz University, Abyek, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9262-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2013.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-023-00769-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-021-00360-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-16187-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105183"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/vms3.1442"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2024.102124"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/s11686-020-00186-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms12030461"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105770"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11686-024-00815-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0169659"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04515-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_6_16_1","first-page":"23","article-title":"Dromedary camel and its adaptation mechanisms to desert environment: A review","volume":"5","author":"Fesseha H","year":"2020","unstructured":"Fesseha H, , Desta W. 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