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A systematic review of the literature up to July 26, 2024, identified 47 articles\/98 datasets meeting the inclusion criteria, covering data from 19 countries and over 41 bird species. Total estimates and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated using a random-effects model. The weighted prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. in birds was 26.4% (95% CI: 22.5\u201330.6%), varying by location and species. The highest pooled prevalence was in guinea fowls at 83.3% (95% CI: 36.9\u201397.7%), followed by pheasants at 50.4%, flightless birds at 47.8%, peafowls at 41%, exotic birds at 34.4%, chickens at 24.9%, uncategorized birds at 24.4%, Anatidae birds at 24.3%, red-crowned cranes at 19.7%, quails at 15.8%, and pigeons at 12.8%. Subgroup analysis of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. prevalence was performed based on publication years, countries, continents, WHO regions, and sample sizes. Birds can be the proper source of infection for 20\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. STs (ST1-ST10, ST13, ST14, ST20, ST21, ST23-ST25, and ST27-ST29), with 12 STs (ST1-ST10, ST14, and ST23) capable of infecting humans. The findings revealed that birds should not be ignored in terms of the possible transmission of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp. zoonotic infections to humans. Moreover, parasitic infections, such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Blastocystis<\/jats:italic>\n                    sp., can affect the health of poultry, causing gastrointestinal issues that impact growth and productivity, which requires special attention in this field.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpd.2025.0007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]],"date-time":"2025-03-10T05:02:26Z","timestamp":1741582946000},"page":"75-88","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Global Epidemiology and Subtype Distribution of\n                    <i>Blastocystis<\/i>\n                    sp. in Birds: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9262-0332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mohammad Reza","family":"Mohammadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4005-2687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Asghari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1860-326X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Milad","family":"Badri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Farajolah","family":"Maleki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit, Shahid Mostafa Khomeini Hospital, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran."},{"name":"Zoonotic Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Behzad","family":"Bijani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Karampour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.52547\/iem.8.4.317"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22092\/vj.2022.358234.1963"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4017(02)00050-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.protis.2013.05.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/femsec\/fiv072"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vprsr.2017.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cimid.2018.11.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105183"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-01183-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prevetmed.2022.105770"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2017.139"},{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","first-page":"11","article-title":"Review on major gastrointestinal parasites that affect chickens","volume":"6","author":"Belete A","year":"2016","unstructured":"Belete A, , Addis M, , Ayele M. 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