{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:38:39Z","timestamp":1777642719558,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Importance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The risk of hematoma formation after rhytidectomy is gender associated and can lead to postoperative complications. The literature to help explain and elucidate the mechanism behind this gender-associated risk is poorly developed and requires further investigation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The objective of this study was to compare facial skin micro-vessel density of female and male-to-female (MTF) transgender patients undergoing rhytidectomy to better understand the mechanism of gender-correlated hematoma risk factors. The authors hypothesized that transgender patients would have higher micro-vessel density compared with female patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Design, Setting, and Participants:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This was a prospective histopathological analysis of pre- and post-auricular facial skin samples from patients undergoing primary rhytidectomy. Patient clinical data and skin samples were collected. Histopathological slides were prepared and stained with CD-31, a marker of vessel endothelium, followed by image analysis allowing for micro-vessel stained pixel counts and calculated pixel density comparisons at a single academic hospital. Female, MTF transgender, and male patients &gt;18 years of age were studied.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Exposure:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Patients undergoing primary rhytidectomy between 2015 and 2018.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Main Outcomes:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Gender-associated pre- and post-auricular micro-vessel pixel density.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Forty-one patients contributed skin samples for analysis. Post-auricular micro-vessel pixel density was greater than pre-auricular density (mean difference post\u2013pre 0.359 percentage points [p.p.], standard error [SE]\u2009=\u20090.135,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.009). The mean post-auricular micro-vessel pixel density was 1.60% (SE\u2009=\u20090.13 p.p.), 2.16% (SE\u2009=\u20090.19 p.p.), and 2.77% (SE\u2009=\u20090.34 p.p.) for female, transgender, and male patients, respectively (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.016). Pre-auricular micro-vessel pixel density showed no difference among females, males, and transgender patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.30). Gender was a strong predictor of increased post-auricular micro-vessel pixel density on stepwise linear regression, but it did not predict pre-auricular micro-vessel density. Both preoperative hair removal and a history of hypertension were associated with increased pre-auricular micro-vessel density.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions and Relevance:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Facial skin micro-vessel density differs by gender, in addition to pre- and post-auricular locations in patients undergoing rhytidectomy.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0065","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,24]],"date-time":"2020-07-24T12:27:21Z","timestamp":1595593641000},"page":"199-204","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Differences in Female and Male-to-Female Transgender Facial Skin Micro-Vessel Density"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Jacob E.","family":"Kuperstock","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Reyhan","family":"Gedik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michal","family":"Horn\u00fd","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology and Imaging Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."},{"name":"Department of Health Policy and Management, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Osborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Boston University Henry M. Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Kindelberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey H.","family":"Spiegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"American Society of Plastic Surgeons. Plastic Surgery Statistics Report. 2014. https:\/\/www.plasticsurgery.org\/documents\/news\/statistics\/2014\/plastic-surgery-statistics-full-report-2014.pdf Accessed January2020."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asj\/sjv162"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001695"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/bjps.2001.3623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.PRS.0000097291.15196.78"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001131"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-014-0353-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-015-0558-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000001296"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-010-9488-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/mvre.1993.1019"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00042728-200509000-00012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000056333"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2014.04.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(92)93150-L"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10520290802451085"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.128.6.1229"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000350"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/2000656X.2010.532923"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-475X.2011.00692.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BOR.0b013e32835b13b6"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00128071-200304060-00001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5122(00)00097-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jhh.2009.63"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_26_2","first-page":"918267","article-title":"Endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: effects on angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and wound healing","volume":"2012","author":"Kolluru GK","year":"2012","unstructured":"Kolluru GK, , Bir SC, , Kevil CG. Endothelial dysfunction and diabetes: effects on angiogenesis, vascular remodeling, and wound healing. Int J Vasc Med. 2012; 2012:918267.","journal-title":"Int J Vasc Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diab.15.4.233"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10739680701282945"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mvr.2006.11.004"}],"container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0065","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0065","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0065","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:23:55Z","timestamp":1777443835000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0065"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"references-count":28,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0065"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0065","relation":{},"ISSN":["2689-3614","2689-3622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2689-3614","type":"print"},{"value":"2689-3622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]}}}