{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,28]],"date-time":"2026-05-28T00:41:03Z","timestamp":1779928863416,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]],"date-time":"2021-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620604800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Obstructive sleep apnea is common in patients with Crouzon syndrome, yet it may be caused by multiple factors. This study aims to investigate the natural history of airway development in preoperative Crouzon patients, from infants to adults.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Preoperative computed tomography (CT) scans (Crouzon syndrome,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200973; control,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200987) were divided into five age subgroups. CT scans were measured using Materialise software.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Before 6 months of age, nasal airway volume in patients with Crouzon syndrome was smaller than normal by 37% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.002), and the cross-sectional area at the choana reduced by 45% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The reduction of nasal airway volume and cross-sectional area reached their nadir at 2 years of age, with shortening of 44% and 63% (both\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), respectively. They gradually caught up to normal dimensions after 6 years of age. Between 2 and 6 years, the pharyngeal airway in patients with Crouzon syndrome reduced 44% (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.011) compared with controls. However, the airway cross-sectional area at condylion and gonion levels was less than normal, before 6 months (35%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024) and (44%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.006) after 2 years of age, respectively. This reduction remains into adulthood.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Nasal airway volume is more limited in children with Crouzon syndrome who are younger than 2 years of age. Whereas after 2 years of age, the pharyngeal airway develops significant volume restriction, leading to timing and specific treatment area foci based on the site of temporal maximal constriction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0441","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,13]],"date-time":"2021-02-13T13:44:27Z","timestamp":1613223867000},"page":"191-197","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Airway Growth in Preoperative Patients with Crouzon Syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Xiaona","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio Jorge","family":"Forte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Mayo Clinic Florida, Jacksonville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kitae Eric","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Allam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Smetona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Alperovich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Derek M.","family":"Steinbacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristiano","family":"Tonello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Craniofacial Surgery, Hospital for Rehabilitation of Craniofacial Anomalies, University of S\u00e3o Paulo (HRAC\/USP), Bauru, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nivaldo","family":"Alonso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic Surgery, University of S\u00e3o Paulo, S\u00e3o Paulo, Brazil."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John A.","family":"Persing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2012.08.020"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2003.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-199909000-00008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001665-200407000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000002741"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.97.10020367"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","first-page":"16","article-title":"How low can you go? 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