{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T13:40:04Z","timestamp":1777642804841,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]],"date-time":"2022-01-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The use of virtual noses to predict the outcome of surgery is of increasing interests, particularly, as detailed and objective pre- and postoperative assessments of nasal airway obstruction (NAO) are difficult to perform. The objective of this article is to validate predictions using virtual noses against their experimentally measured counterpart in rigid 3D-printed models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Virtual nose models, with and without NAO, were reconstructed from patients' cone beam computed tomography scans, and used to evaluate airflow characteristics through computational fluid dynamics simulations. Prototypes of the reconstructed models were 3D printed and instrumented experimentally for pressure measurements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Correlation between the numerical predictions and experimental measurements was shown. Analysis of the flow field indicated that the NAO in the nasal valve increases significantly the wall pressure, shear stress, and incremental nasal resistance behind the obstruction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Airflow predictions in static virtual noses correlate well with detailed experimental measurements on 3D-printed replicas of patient airways.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0576","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T23:57:12Z","timestamp":1619481432000},"page":"20-26","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["The Virtual Nose: Assessment of Static Nasal Airway Obstruction Using Computational Simulations and 3D-Printed Models"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Alex W.N.","family":"Reid","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinye","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Cambridge University Hospitals, NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoxiang","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haoyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhixing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanchang","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng'Ao","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eral","family":"Bele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"P.J.","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, University College London, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"East","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of ENT\/Facial Plastic Surgery, University College Hospitals London NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00405-014-3406-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2017.1994"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11517-019-02092-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2017.0039"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-020-02124-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1243\/09544119JEIM330"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","unstructured":"Rennie CE. Investigation of Sinonasal Airflow and Transport [PhD Thesis]. Imperial College of Science Technology and Medicine; 2013."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Evaluation of nasal airflow and resistance: computational modeling for experimental measurements","volume":"44","author":"Kaneda S","year":"2019","unstructured":"Kaneda S, , Iida M, , Yamamoto H, et al. Evaluation of nasal airflow and resistance: computational modeling for experimental measurements. Tokai J Exp Clin Med. 2019; 44(3):59\u201367.","journal-title":"Tokai J Exp Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/coa.13396"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2010.24.3428"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","first-page":"257","article-title":"[Simulation of inferior turbinate reduction using computational fluid dynamics methods]","volume":"31","author":"Guo YF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Guo YF, , Shan YM, , Cai HK, , Chen XM, , Gao XQ. [Simulation of inferior turbinate reduction using computational fluid dynamics methods]. Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi. 2017; 31(4):257\u2013261.","journal-title":"Lin Chung Er Bi Yan Hou Tou Jing Wai Ke Za Zhi"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin14.259"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","first-page":"163","article-title":"Impact of inferior turbinate hypertrophy on the aerodynamic pattern and physiological functions of the turbulent airflow\u2014a CFD simulation model","volume":"48","author":"Chen XB","year":"2010","unstructured":"Chen XB, , Lee HP, , Chong VF, , Wang de Y. Impact of inferior turbinate hypertrophy on the aerodynamic pattern and physiological functions of the turbulent airflow\u2014a CFD simulation model. Rhinology. 2010; 48(2):163\u2013168.","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/ajra.2009.23.3287"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e318159aa26"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2017.08.031"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1993.75.5.2273"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2008.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3342\/ceo.2012.5.4.181"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","first-page":"e0194018","article-title":"Asymmetric expression level of clock genes in left vs","volume":"13","author":"Kim HK","year":"2018","unstructured":"Kim HK, , Kim HJ, , Kim JH, , Kim TH, , Lee SH. Asymmetric expression level of clock genes in left vs. right nasal mucosa in humans with and without allergies and in rats: circadian characteristics and possible contribution to nasal cycle. PLoS One., 2018; 13(3):e0194018.","journal-title":"right nasal mucosa in humans with and without allergies and in rats: circadian characteristics and possible contribution to nasal cycle. PLoS One."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10439-016-1688-1"}],"container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0576","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0576","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0576","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:24:13Z","timestamp":1777443853000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0576"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0576"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0576","relation":{},"ISSN":["2689-3614","2689-3622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2689-3614","type":"print"},{"value":"2689-3622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,3]]}}}