{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T02:08:48Z","timestamp":1793671728310,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]],"date-time":"2023-03-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677801600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Anatomical variations influence nasal physiology, yet sex differences in physiology remains unclear.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate sex differences among Caucasians using computational fluid dynamics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Adult subjects were selected with normal nasal cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images and Nasal Obstruction Symptom Evaluation scores \u226430. The CBCT images were used to create subject-specific airway models. Nasal surface area (SA) and volume were computed, and airflow and heat transfer were simulated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The CBCT scans were taken from 23 females and 12 males. The SA and volume (males: mean\u2009=\u200925.0\u2009cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; females: mean\u2009=\u200919.5\u2009cm\n                      <jats:sup>3<\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091.51) were significantly larger for males, but SA-to-volume ratio did not differ significantly. Although unilateral nasal resistance did not vary greatly, females had higher bilateral resistance (males: mean\u2009=\u20090.04 Pa.s\/mL; females: mean\u2009=\u20090.05 Pa.s\/mL;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.044; Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.37). Females had higher heat flux (males: mean\u2009=\u2009158.5 W\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ; females: mean\u2009=\u2009191.8 W\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      ;\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.012; Cohen's\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">d<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.79), but males had larger SA where mucosal heat flux exceeds 50 W\/m\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>These findings suggest differences in normal nasal anatomy and physiology between Caucasian males and females, which may be useful when assessing sex-specific functional outcomes after nasal surgery.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2022.0049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,20]],"date-time":"2022-06-20T10:47:45Z","timestamp":1655722065000},"page":"145-152","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Gender Differences in Nasal Anatomy and Function Among Caucasians"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9299-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Russel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head &amp; Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina\u2014Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis O.","family":"Frank-Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Computational Biology and Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11548-019-02023-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4486.2009.01905.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2016.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resp.2010.09.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.96.09020371"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-6716-2_8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0194-5998(99)70413-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aanat.2005.04.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21596"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/alr.22177"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1288\/00005537-199103000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2500\/105065897781446801"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2018.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","first-page":"14","article-title":"Influence of localized mesh refinement on numerical simulations of post-surgical sinonasal airflow","volume":"30","author":"Basu S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Basu S, , Witten N, , Kimbell J. 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