{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,18]],"date-time":"2026-06-18T21:25:07Z","timestamp":1781817907025,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]],"date-time":"2023-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1699920000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Unilateral cleft lip nasal deformity (uCLND) is associated with olfactory dysfunction, but the underlying etiology remains poorly understood.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the etiology of uCLND-associated olfactory dysfunction using clinical, computational, and histologic assessments.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Inclusion criteria: uCLND patients &gt;16 years undergoing septorhinoplasty. Exclusion criteria: prior septoplasty or rhinoplasty, pregnancy, sinusitis. Measured outcomes: patient-reported scores, rhinomanometry, smell identification and threshold tests, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) airflow simulations, and histologic analysis of olfactory epithelium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five uCLND subjects were included: 18\u201323 years, three male and two female, four left-sided cleft and one right-sided cleft. All subjects reported moderate to severe nasal obstruction. Smell identification and threshold tests showed varying degrees of hyposmia. Nasal resistance was higher on the cleft side versus noncleft side measured by rhinomanometry (median 3.85 Pa-s\/mL, interquartile range [IQR]\u2009=\u200921.96, versus 0.90 Pa-s\/mL, IQR\u2009=\u20095.17) and CFD (median 1.04 Pa-s\/mL, IQR\u2009=\u20090.94 vs. 0.11 Pa-s\/mL, IQR\u2009=\u20090.12). Unilateral olfaction varied widely and was dependent on unilateral percentage olfactory airflow. Biopsies revealed intact olfactory neuroepithelium.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>uCLND-associated olfactory dysfunction appears to be primarily conductive in etiology and highly susceptible to variations in nasal anatomy.<\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical Trial Registration number: NCT04150783<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2022.0367","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,2]],"date-time":"2023-05-02T15:27:16Z","timestamp":1683041236000},"page":"457-465","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Characterizing Olfactory Dysfunction in Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip Nasal Deformities"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9299-8047","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sarah M.","family":"Russel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\/Head &amp; Neck Surgery, University of North Carolina\u2014Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John B.","family":"Finlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Medical Scientist Training Program, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Reanna","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeffrey R.","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Plastic, Maxillofacial, and Oral Surgery, Department of Surgery, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David W.","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ralph","family":"Abi Hachem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley J.","family":"Goldstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dennis Onyeka","family":"Frank-Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Head and Neck Surgery &amp; Communication Sciences, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, North Carolina, USA."},{"name":"Computational Biology &amp; Bioinformatics PhD Program, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","first-page":"183","article-title":"Inspiratory and expiratory effects of nasal breathing","volume":"24","author":"Hairfield WM","year":"1987","unstructured":"Hairfield WM, , Warren DW, , Hinton VA, , Seaton DL. 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