{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T02:35:38Z","timestamp":1789785338461,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]],"date-time":"2024-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719792000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Many open-access artificial intelligence (AI)-based websites that rate facial attractiveness are available, but none have been compared with human focus group outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To compare human and AI-based websites scoring of facial attractiveness of adult female white faces.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A 40-photograph database of AI-generated adult, white, female, expressionless, and frontal-view facial images were scored by otolaryngology residents and five AI-based facial rating websites: prettyscale.com, attractivenesstest.com, face-score.com\/en, hotchat3000.com, and\n                      <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"http:\/\/beautyscoretest.com\">beautyscoretest.com<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      . Sample\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test and bivariate correlation were performed for statistical analyses.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The focus group of 24 otolaryngology residents consisted of 62.5% males and 58.3% white participants. There was a strong positive correlation between average human score and average AI score for each photo (Pearson's correlation 0.84,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). The average human raters' scores were significantly lower than the average AI scores (5.0\u2009\u00b1\u20091.8 vs. 6.9\u2009\u00b1\u20090.9,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.01). Thirty images (75.0%) had statistically higher scores from the AI websites versus the focus group. On correlation analysis, all AI-based websites individually had scores that positively correlate with the human scores (all\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>AI-based websites and human focus-group scoring of facial attractiveness of adult white female faces were significantly correlated with the AI ratings biased toward higher values, encouraging their cautious utilization in future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2023.0281","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,20]],"date-time":"2024-02-20T17:19:52Z","timestamp":1708449592000},"page":"371-376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Artificial Intelligence Versus Human Focus Group Rating of Facial Attractiveness"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0045-2547","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khodayar","family":"Goshtasbi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5675-5758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amir A.","family":"Hakimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, MedStar Georgetown University Hospital, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian J.F.","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."},{"name":"School of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA."},{"name":"Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16249-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e31825dcb48"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLG.0b013e31816bf545"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2016.2049"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2017.0710"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2020.0415"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/DSS.0000000000003679"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asjof\/ojad032"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/asjof\/ojad046"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","unstructured":"Manandhar-Richardson T. An attractiveness researcher puts the internet's most popular \u201chotness algorithms\u201d to the test. Medium. 2018. https:\/\/thomas-richie-richardson.medium.com\/an-attractiveness-researcher-puts-the-internets-most-popular-hotness-algorithms-to-the-test-3278dbcb03b2 [Last accessed: September 14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","unstructured":"Mahdawi A. This AI-powered app will tell you if you're beautiful\u2013and reinforce biases too. The Guardian. March 6 2021. Available from: https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/commentisfree\/2021\/mar\/06\/ai-powered-app-tell-you-beautiful-reinforce-biases [Last accessed: September14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","unstructured":"Kato B. AI \u2018hot or not\u2019 tool rates celeb faces: Sydney Sweeney and more shocking results. The New York Post. April 28 2023. Available from: https:\/\/nypost.com\/2023\/04\/28\/ai-hot-or-not-tool-rates-celeb-faces-sydney-sweeney-and-more\/ [Last accessed: September14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","unstructured":"GeneratedPhotos. Frequently Asked Questions Generated Photos. 2023. https:\/\/generated.photos\/faq [Last accessed: September 14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","unstructured":"prettyscale. https:\/\/www.prettyscale.com\/ [Last accessed: September 14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","unstructured":"attractivenesstest. https:\/\/attractivenesstest.com\/ [Last accessed: September 14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","unstructured":"hotchat3000. https:\/\/hotchat3000.com\/ [Last accessed: September 14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","unstructured":"beautyscoretest. https:\/\/www.beautyscoretest.com\/ [Last accessed: September 14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","unstructured":"face-score. https:\/\/face-score.com\/en [Last accessed: September 14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","unstructured":"Prettyscale Help & FAQs. https:\/\/www.prettyscale.com\/help\/ [Last accessed: September 14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","unstructured":"How it works Attractivenesstest. 2023. https:\/\/attractivenesstest.com\/blog\/How the app works [Last accessed: September 14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","unstructured":"Whiddington R. How Hot Are You? Art Collective MSCHF's New Chat Site Lets A.I. Do the Evaluating. Artnet News. April 27 2023. Available from: https:\/\/news.artnet.com\/news\/mschf-hot-chat-3000-ai-chatbot-2291171 [Last accessed: September14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","unstructured":"Eden AI. Best Face Recognition APIs in 2023. https:\/\/www.edenai.co\/post\/best-face-recognition-apis#:~:text=Face%2B%2B [Last accessed: September 14 2023]."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2023.02.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0022902"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/emo0000525"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.2104"}],"container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/fpsam.2023.0281","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpsam.2023.0281","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/fpsam.2023.0281","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T06:25:44Z","timestamp":1777443944000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/fpsam.2023.0281"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/fpsam.2023.0281"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/fpsam.2023.0281","relation":{},"ISSN":["2689-3614","2689-3622"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2689-3614","type":"print"},{"value":"2689-3622","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,1]]}}}