{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T23:25:09Z","timestamp":1785885909355,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1740787200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery & Aesthetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]]},"abstract":"\n Background:<\/jats:title>\n Selective neurectomy (SN) typically leaves cut nerve endings to be either free-floating or buried in facial muscles. Regenerative peripheral nerve interfaces (RPNIs) use autologous skeletal muscle grafts to provide a nonfacial muscle target for reinnervation.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Objective:<\/jats:title>\n To evaluate the effectiveness of RPNI surgery with SN for improving postoperative facial function through botulinum toxin use and facial movement metrics.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Methods:<\/jats:title>\n This was a retrospective cohort study comparing patients with synkinesis undergoing SN with and without RPNI surgery. Outcomes included assessing botulinum toxin dosage\/frequency and facial movement metrics (margin to reflex distance, brow movement, smile excursion). Statistical tests were applied based on variable distribution.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Results:<\/jats:title>\n \n Twenty-four patients were included (12 with RPNI surgery and 12 without; average age, 52.3 and 55.0 years, respectively;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.552). No significant differences were observed in etiology or nerves sacrificed. Patients with RPNI surgery required lower botulinum toxin dosage (72.2 vs. 90.3 units;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.031) and had longer treatment intervals (83.5%, 5.6 months vs. 17.9%, 4.6 months;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.015). No significant differences were observed in facial movement metrics.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n RPNI surgery with SN may improve facial function as measured by a proxy of reduction in postoperative botulinum toxin dosage and frequency.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2024.0240","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,1,30]],"date-time":"2025-01-30T10:00:30Z","timestamp":1738231230000},"page":"136-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Selective Neurectomy with Regenerative Peripheral Nerve Interface Surgery for Facial Synkinesis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey T.","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishant","family":"Ganesh Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Theodore A.","family":"Kung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Section of Plastic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shannon F.","family":"Rudy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0435-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey S.","family":"Moyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3846-0777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jennifer C.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Facial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 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