{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,19]],"date-time":"2026-09-19T02:35:40Z","timestamp":1789785340497,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1750896000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To investigate the facial proportions and physical characteristics deemed ideal and attractive by current popular generative artificial intelligence (AI) models.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      \u201cAttractive\u201d and \u201cideal\u201d face images were generated using five text-to-image models. Facial proportions of the generated images were measured and compared with the neoclassical canons of facial thirds and fifths. Generated facial proportions were compared between AI models and classical facial proportions using analysis of variance and unpaired Student\u2019s\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">t<\/jats:italic>\n                      -test, respectively.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The generated images included 28 (70%) female faces and 29 (75%) Caucasian faces. Mean generated horizontal proportions were 33.7%, 32.0%, and 34.3%. Mean generated vertical proportions were 21.1%, 18.0%, 21.1%, 17.9%, and 21.7%. The middle horizontal segment was significantly smaller in generated \u201cideal faces,\u201d and the lower horizontal segment was larger in generated \u201cattractive faces\u201d compared with classical proportions (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001 and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.01, respectively); the left and right middle vertical segments were significantly smaller in all generated faces compared with classical proportions (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There are significant differences between the definition of attractive and ideal faces in generative AI models and classical facial proportions. These differences may reflect biases present within the models or may reflect changing cultural perceptions of facial attractiveness.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2025.0007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]],"date-time":"2025-06-26T11:39:37Z","timestamp":1750937977000},"page":"1-6","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Ideal Facial Proportions in Generative Artificial Intelligence: What Does Artificial Intelligence\u00a0Consider an Attractive Face?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Sindhura","family":"Sridhar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas A&amp;M University College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richmond L.","family":"Laryea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harry D.","family":"Vildibill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4223-6615","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sunthosh K.","family":"Sivam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.prs.0000233051.61512.65"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prosdent.2022.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00266-024-04266-w"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002660010029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318200afdb"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcms.2017.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/428250"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/50638"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","unstructured":"Radford A Kim JW Hallacy C et al. 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