{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,30]],"date-time":"2026-07-30T11:08:38Z","timestamp":1785409718355,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745798400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Facial Plastic Surgery &amp; Aesthetic Medicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While patients commonly recover motion following facial nerve injury, aberrant neural regeneration can lead to synkinesis and chronic nonflaccid facial palsy (NFFP); many patients fail to recover volitional eyebrow elevation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To assess if transcutaneous electrical stimulation of injured frontal branches can achieve eyebrow elevation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We studied healthy volunteers (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 10) and patients with unilateral NFFP (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 36). We performed monopolar transcutaneous stimulation of healthy and paralyzed frontal branches with 4\u201310 mA pulse trains. We measured eyebrow elevation using Emotrics. Differences between stimulated and volitional elevation were assessed using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Stimulable patients (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 32) were capable of a median of 7.2 mm (interquartile range [IQR]: 5.9\u201310.5 mm) healthy eyebrow and 1.5 mm (IQR: 0.5\u20133.1 mm) paralyzed eyebrow volitional elevation. Transcutaneous stimulation of the healthy hemiface achieved a median of 8.5 mm (IQR: 6.3\u201310.5 mm) eyebrow elevation and 7.2 mm (IQR: 5.3\u20138.2 mm) on the paralyzed side. Maximum stimulated eyebrow elevation required a median current of 9 mA (IQR: 8\u201310 mA), which patients felt would be tolerable for daily use in a facial pacing prosthesis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Transcutaneous electrical stimulation can consistently elevate healthy and paralyzed eyebrows in most individuals with NFFP, suggesting they may benefit from dynamic reanimation of eyebrow elevation and possibly other facial regions in future facial pacing systems.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/fpsam.2025.0015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]],"date-time":"2025-04-28T10:00:24Z","timestamp":1745834424000},"page":"377-383","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Transcutaneous Facial Nerve Frontal Branch Stimulation to Restore Dynamic Elevation of the Paralyzed Eyebrow in Synkinetic Patients"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4459-0746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roy","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Hadlock Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth R.","family":"McGonagle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology\u2014Head and Neck Surgery, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Hadlock Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-3950-4546","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tessa A.","family":"Hadlock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hadlock Center for Facial Plastic Surgery, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James T.","family":"Heaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24542"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00129492-200411000-00026"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/000348940611500908"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0b013e318254b08d"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.27481"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2016.1462"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25130"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.24801"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2015.36"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/SAP.0000000000001908"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.29526"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ohn.598"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PRS.0000000000005164"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811427255"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_2","first-page":"515e","volume-title":"Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery","author":"Frigerio A","year":"2015","unstructured":"Frigerio A, , Heaton JT, , Cavallari P, et al. Electrical stimulation of eye blink in individuals with acute facial palsy: progress toward a bionic blink. In: Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. Vol 136. Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2015, pp. 515e\u2013523e."},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03091902.2019.1637470"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TMC.2018.2868660"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics11020188"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fresc.2023.1205154"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4598(200001)23:1<44::AID-MUS6>3.0.CO;2-E"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0003489418820545"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005537-200307000-00010"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.25792"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_2","first-page":"112","article-title":"Laryngeal synkinesis: a viable condition for laryngeal pacing","volume":"85","author":"M\u00fcller AH","year":"2020","unstructured":"M\u00fcller AH. Laryngeal synkinesis: a viable condition for laryngeal pacing. Adv Otorhinolaryngol. 2020; 85:112\u2013119.","journal-title":"Adv Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamafacial.2018.0030"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bspc.2020.101992"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.202107902"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aap8373"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2008.2005942"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1525-1594.2011.01219.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2016.2521160"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41551-021-00732-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599812469352"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1044\/2023_JSLHR-23-00377"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13030554"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_4_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1145\/3534621","article-title":"EarIO: a low-power acoustic sensing earable for continuously tracking detailed facial movements","volume":"6","author":"Li K","year":"2022","unstructured":"Li K, , Zhang R, , Liang B, et al. EarIO: a low-power acoustic sensing earable for continuously tracking detailed facial movements. Proc ACM Interact Mob Wearable Ubiquitous Technol. 2022; 6(2):1\u201324.","journal-title":"Proc ACM Interact Mob Wearable Ubiquitous Technol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li K Zhang R Chen S et al. EyeEcho: continuous and low-power facial expression tracking on glasses. In: Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems\u2014Proceedings. Association for Computing Machinery; 2024.","DOI":"10.1145\/3613904.3642613"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_39_2","unstructured":"NeuroTrigger Technology. https:\/\/www.nt-med.com\/technology\/. 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