{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T18:33:32Z","timestamp":1777660412251,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,30]],"date-time":"2012-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327881600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,30]],"date-time":"2012-01-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1327881600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Genetic Testing and Molecular Biomarkers"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Urinary schistosomiasis is caused by the digenetic trematode\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                    , characterized by accumulation of eggs in the genitourinary tract. Cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA-4) can play an important role in parasitic infection due to its major role as a negative regulator of T-cell activation and proliferation. This study was performed in patients with schistosomiasis and healthy controls to analyze the allele and genotype frequencies of four\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CTLA-4<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene polymorphisms. The\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CTLA-4<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene was amplified using Taqman real-time polymerase chain reaction, and allele and genotypes of 49 patients with schistosomiasis were analyzed using allelic discrimination analysis followed by subsequent direct sequencing. The results were compared with healthy control subjects. The frequencies of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CTLA-4<\/jats:italic>\n                    rs733618 A allele at position \u22121722 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.001), rs11571316 C allele at position \u22121577 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001), and rs231775 A allele at position +49 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.002) in the patient group were significantly higher than the control group. The rs733618 AA genotype (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.001), rs11571316 CC genotype (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt;0.001), and rs231775 AA genotype (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.007) were also significantly overrepresented. Meanwhile, rs733618 AG genotype (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.001), rs11571316 CT genotype (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.02), and rs231775 GG genotype (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                    =0.029) were significantly decreased in the patients with schistosomiasis, as compared with the controls. No significant difference was observed in both allele and genotype of rs16841252. The results of this study suggest that the rs733618, rs11571316, and rs231775 polymorphisms in the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CTLA-4<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene may influence susceptibility to schistosomiasis infection in the Gabonese children.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2011.0209","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,30]],"date-time":"2012-01-30T15:14:33Z","timestamp":1327936473000},"page":"488-492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["A Pilot Study on Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte-4 Gene Polymorphisms in Urinary Schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Zulkarnain Md","family":"Idris","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Sains Malaysia","place":["Malaysia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Yazdanbakhsh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Centre","place":["The Netherlands"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ayola Akim","family":"Adegnika","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leiden University Medical Centre","place":["The Netherlands"]},{"name":"Albert Schweitzer Hospital","place":["Gabon"]},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bertrand","family":"Lell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Schweitzer Hospital","place":["Gabon"]},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saadou","family":"Issifou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Albert Schweitzer Hospital","place":["Gabon"]},{"name":"University of T\u00fcbingen","place":["Germany"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rahmah","family":"Noordin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universiti Sains 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