{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T18:57:25Z","timestamp":1780599445413,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,21]],"date-time":"2014-02-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1392940800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["High Altitude Medicine &amp; Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Morrison, Shawnda A., Juri Gorjanc, and Igor B. Mekjavic. Mount Everest and Makalu cold injury amputation: 40 years on.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">High Alt Med Biol.<\/jats:italic>\n                    15:78\u201483, 2014\u2014Freezing cold injuries (frostbite) of the extremities are a common injury among alpinists participating in high altitude expeditions, particularly during inclement weather conditions. Anecdotally, a digit that has suffered frostbite may be at greater risk to future cold injuries. In this case study, we profile a 62-year-old elite alpinist who suffered multiple digit amputations on both his hands and foot after historic summit attempts on Makalu (8481\u2009m) and Mt. Everest (8848\u2009m) in 1974\u20131979. We describe the clinical treatment he received at that time, and follow up his case 40 years after the first incidence of frostbite utilizing a noninvasive evaluation of hand and foot function to a cold stress test, including rates of re-warming to both injured and non-injured digits. Finger rates of recovery to the cold stress test were not different (0.8 vs. 1.0\u00b0C\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) except one (injured, left middle finger, distal phalanx; 0.4\u00b0C\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Toe recovery rates after cold-water immersion were identical between previously injured and non-injured toes (0.2\u00b0C\u00b7min\n                    <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                    ). Thermocouple data indicate that this alpinist's previous frostbite injuries may not have significantly altered his digit rates of re-warming during passive recovery compared to his non-injured digits.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2013.1069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,21]],"date-time":"2014-02-21T11:03:08Z","timestamp":1392980588000},"page":"78-83","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mount Everest and Makalu Cold Injury Amputation: 40 Years On"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Shawnda A.","family":"Morrison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","place":["Slovenia"]},{"name":"Faculty of Professional Studies, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jurij","family":"Gorjanc","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hospital of the Brothers of St. John of God","place":["Austria"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor B.","family":"Mekjavic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jo\u017eef Stefan Institute","place":["Slovenia"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1549-8719.2011.00126.x","article-title":"Dynamic adaptation of the peripheral circulation to cold exposure","volume":"19","author":"Cheung SS","year":"2011","unstructured":"Cheung SS, , and Daanen H. (2011). Dynamic adaptation of the peripheral circulation to cold exposure. Microcirculation, 19:65\u201377.","journal-title":"Microcirculation"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-013-2678-8","article-title":"The contribution of blood flow to the skin temperature responses during a cold sensitivity test","volume":"43","author":"Davey R","year":"2013","unstructured":"Davey R, , Eglin C, , House J, , and Tipton M. (2013). The contribution of blood flow to the skin temperature responses during a cold sensitivity test. Eur J Appl Physiol, 43:2411\u20132417.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0798-3","article-title":"Effect of body temperature on cold induced vasodilation","volume":"104","author":"Flouris AD","year":"2008","unstructured":"Flouris AD, , Westwood DA, , Mekjavic IB, , and Cheung SS. (2008). Effect of body temperature on cold induced vasodilation. Eur J Appl Physiol, 104:491\u2013499.","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-008-0720-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1926.92680180002013a"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","first-page":"1151","article-title":"Managing frostbite","volume":"341","author":"Hallam M-J","year":"2010","unstructured":"Hallam M-J, , Cubison T, , Dheansa B, , and Imray C. (2010). Managing frostbite. Br Med J., 341:1151\u20131156.","journal-title":"Br Med J."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsm.2004.016097"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-198207000-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1016\/S0363-5023(82)80182-2","article-title":"The thenar flap\u2013An analysis of its use in 150 cases","volume":"7","author":"Melone CJ","year":"1982","unstructured":"Melone CJ, , Beasley R, , and Carstens JJ. (1982). The thenar flap\u2013An analysis of its use in 150 cases. J Hand Surg Am, 7:291\u2013297.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg Am"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2011.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-199009000-00027","article-title":"Skin-surface temperature gradients correlate with fingertip blood flow in humans","volume":"73","author":"Rubenstein EH","year":"1990","unstructured":"Rubenstein EH, , and Sessler DI. (1990). Skin-surface temperature gradients correlate with fingertip blood flow in humans. Anesthesiology, 73:541\u2013545.","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","first-page":"2006","article-title":"Application of infrared thermography for the analysis of rewarming in patients with cold intolerance","volume":"42","author":"Ruijs ACJ","year":"2008","unstructured":"Ruijs ACJ, , Jaquet J-B, , Brandsma M, , Daanen HAM, , and Hovius SER. (2008). Application of infrared thermography for the analysis of rewarming in patients with cold intolerance. Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg, 42:2006\u20132010.","journal-title":"Scand J Plast Reconstr Surg Hand Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2011.02.009","article-title":"Cold-induced vasodilation following traumatic median or ulnar nerve injury","volume":"36","author":"Ruijs ACJ","year":"2011","unstructured":"Ruijs ACJ, , Niehof SP, , Hovius SER, , and Selles RW. (2011). Cold-induced vasodilation following traumatic median or ulnar nerve injury. J Hand Surg, 36A:986\u2013993.","journal-title":"J Hand Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2010.12.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-200408000-00120","article-title":"An open label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator (Tpa) in the treatment of severe frostbite","volume":"57","author":"Twomey JA","year":"2004","unstructured":"Twomey JA, , Peltier GA, , and Zera RT. (2004). An open label study to evaluate the safety and efficacy of tissue plasminogen activator (Tpa) in the treatment of severe frostbite. J Trauma, 57:455","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3782","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.e3782","article-title":"Effects of experience and commercialisation on survival in Himalayan mountaineering: Retrospective cohort study","volume":"344","author":"Westhoff JL","year":"2012","unstructured":"Westhoff JL, , Koepsell TD, , and Littell CT. (2012). Effects of experience and commercialisation on survival in Himalayan mountaineering: Retrospective cohort study. BMJ, 344:e3782","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00000637-199803000-00009"}],"container-title":["High Altitude Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/ham.2013.1069","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ham.2013.1069","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ham.2013.1069","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:24:28Z","timestamp":1777447468000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/ham.2013.1069"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,21]]},"references-count":17,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/ham.2013.1069"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ham.2013.1069","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-0297","1557-8682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-0297","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,21]]}}}