{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T12:23:50Z","timestamp":1791894230248,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["High Altitude Medicine &amp; Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Pasquier, Mathieu, Evelien Cools, Ken Zafren, Pierre-Nicolas Carron, Vincent Frochaux, and Valentin Rousson. Vital signs in accidental hypothermia.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">High Alt Med Biol<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 22: 142\u2013147, 2021.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Clinical indicators are used to stage hypothermia and to guide management of hypothermic patients. We sought to better characterize the influence of hypothermia on vital signs, including level of consciousness, by studying cases of patients suffering from accidental hypothermia.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Materials and Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We retrospectively included patients aged \u226518 years admitted to the hospital with a core temperature below 35\u00b0C. We identified the cases from a literature review and from a retrospective case series of hypothermic patients admitted to the hospital between 1994 and 2016. Patients who experienced cardiac arrest, as well as those with potential confounders such as concomitant diseases or intoxications, were excluded. Relationships between core temperature and heart rate, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and level of consciousness were explored via correlations and regression.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Of the 305 cases reviewed, 216 met the criteria for inclusion. The mean temperature was 29.7\u00b0C\u2009\u00b1\u20094.2\u00b0C (range 19.3\u00b0C\u201334.9\u00b0C). The relationships between temperature and each of the four vital signs were generally linear and significantly positive, with Spearman correlations for respiratory rate, heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and Glasgow Coma Score (GCS) of 0.29 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.024), 0.44 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), 0.47 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), and 0.78 (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), respectively. Based on linear regression, the mean decrease of a vital sign associated with a 1\u00b0C decrease of temperature was estimated to be 0.50 minute\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      for respiratory rate, 2.54 minutes\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      for heart rate, 4.36\u2009mmHg for systolic blood pressure, and 0.88 for GCS.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>There is a significant positive correlation between core temperature and heart rate, systolic blood pressure, respiratory rate, and GCS. The relationship between vital signs and temperature is generally linear. This knowledge might help clinicians make appropriate decisions when determining whether the clinical condition of a patient should be attributed to hypothermia. This could enhance clinical care and help to guide future research.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2020.0179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,25]],"date-time":"2021-02-25T10:44:53Z","timestamp":1614249893000},"page":"142-147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Vital Signs in Accidental Hypothermia"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Pasquier","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evelien","family":"Cools","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ken","family":"Zafren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pierre-Nicolas","family":"Carron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Department, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vincent","family":"Frochaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Emergency Service, H\u00f4pital du Valais, Sion, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentin","family":"Rousson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland."},{"name":"Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemermed.2006.05.029","article-title":"Changes in heart rate do not correlate with changes in pain intensity in emergency department patients","volume":"32","author":"Bossart P","year":"2007","unstructured":"Bossart P, , Fosnocht D, , and Swanson E. (2007). Changes in heart rate do not correlate with changes in pain intensity in emergency department patients. J Emerg Med, 32:19\u201322.","journal-title":"J Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1114208"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","first-page":"116","article-title":"Accidental hypothermia. In: Wilderness Medicine, 6th ed. PS Auerbach, ed. Elsevier, Mosby, Philadelphia, PA","author":"Danzl DF","year":"2012","unstructured":"Danzl DF. (2012). Accidental hypothermia. In: Wilderness Medicine, 6th ed. PS Auerbach, ed. Elsevier, Mosby, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 116\u2013142.","journal-title":"pp"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10877-016-9968-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1053\/j.jvca.2015.07.019","article-title":"Electrocardiographic changes caused by severe accidental hypothermia","volume":"29","author":"Darocha T","year":"2015","unstructured":"Darocha T, , Sobczyk D, , Kosinski S, , Jarosz A, , Galazkowski R, , Nycz K, , and Drwila R. (2015). Electrocardiographic changes caused by severe accidental hypothermia. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth, 29:e83\u2013e86.","journal-title":"J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0210-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2019.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/152702903321489031"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","first-page":"2375","article-title":"Alcohol-related disease. In: Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. RS Hockberger, JA Marx, and RM Walls, eds. Mosby, Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA","author":"Finnell JT","year":"2010","unstructured":"Finnell JT, , and McMicken DB. (2010). Alcohol-related disease. In: Rosen's Emergency Medicine: Concepts and Clinical Practice. 7th ed. RS Hockberger, JA Marx, and RM Walls, eds. Mosby, Elsevier, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 2375\u20132392.","journal-title":"pp"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2017-207178"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplegacy.1936.118.1.71","article-title":"Cardiac changes during progressive hypothermia","volume":"118","author":"Hamilton JB","year":"1937","unstructured":"Hamilton JB, , Dresbach M, , and Hamilton RS. (1937). Cardiac changes during progressive hypothermia. Am J Physiol, 118:71\u201376.","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aas.13002"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-7241-21-63","article-title":"Equipment to prevent, diagnose, and treat hypothermia: a survey of Norwegian pre-hospital services","volume":"12","author":"Karlsen AM","year":"2013","unstructured":"Karlsen AM, , Thomassen O, , Vikenes BH, , and Bratteb\u00f8 G. (2013). Equipment to prevent, diagnose, and treat hypothermia: a survey of Norwegian pre-hospital services. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, 12:63.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajem.2015.07.012","article-title":"Effects of ethanol on systemic hemodynamics in a porcine model of accidental hypothermia","volume":"33","author":"Loppnow G","year":"2015","unstructured":"Loppnow G, , and Wilson LD. (2015). Effects of ethanol on systemic hemodynamics in a porcine model of accidental hypothermia. Am J Emerg Med, 33:1414\u20131419.","journal-title":"Am J Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/emermed-2017-207238"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-1150","article-title":"Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"163","author":"Niven DJ","year":"2015","unstructured":"Niven DJ, , Gaudet JE, , Laupland KB, , Mrklas KJ, , Roberts DJ, , and Stelfox HT. (2015). Accuracy of peripheral thermometers for estimating temperature: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med, 163:768\u2013777.","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.1097\/00005373-199211000-00013","article-title":"Effects of hypothermia on hemodynamic responses to dopamine and dobutamine","volume":"33","author":"Oung CM","year":"1992","unstructured":"Oung CM, , English M, , Chiu RC, , and Hinchey EJ. (1992). Effects of hypothermia on hemodynamic responses to dopamine and dobutamine. J Trauma, 33:671\u2013678.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-016-0303-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-019-0636-0","article-title":"An evaluation of the Swiss staging model for hypothermia using hospital cases and case reports from the literature","volume":"27","author":"Pasquier M","year":"2019","unstructured":"Pasquier M, , Carron PN, , Rodrigues A, , Dami F, , Frochaux V, , Sartori C, , Deslarzes T, , and Rousson V. (2019). An evaluation of the Swiss staging model for hypothermia using hospital cases and case reports from the literature. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med, 27:60.","journal-title":"Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","first-page":"99","article-title":"J wave in hypothermia","volume":"71","author":"Pasquier M","year":"2011","unstructured":"Pasquier M, , Pasquier J, , and Vallotton L. (2011). J wave in hypothermia. J Trauma, 71:e99.","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2011.10.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2017.0090"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI102071","article-title":"The cardiovascular effects of acutely induced hypothermia","volume":"28","author":"Prec O","year":"1949","unstructured":"Prec O, , Rosenman R, , Braun K, , Rodbard S, , and Katz LN. (1949). The cardiovascular effects of acutely induced hypothermia. J Clin Invest, 28:293\u2013300.","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Evidence-based management of accidental hypothermia in the emergency department","volume":"18","author":"Rischall ML","year":"2016","unstructured":"Rischall ML, , and Rowland-Fisher A. (2016). Evidence-based management of accidental hypothermia in the emergency department. Emerg Med Pract, 18:1\u201318.","journal-title":"Emerg Med Pract"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5223(19)42219-8","article-title":"Circulatory dynamics during surface-induced deep hypothermia and after cardiac arrest for one hour","volume":"61","author":"Rittenhouse EA","year":"1971","unstructured":"Rittenhouse EA, , Ito CS, , Mohri H, , and Merendino KA. (1971). Circulatory dynamics during surface-induced deep hypothermia and after cardiac arrest for one hour. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg, 61:359\u2013369.","journal-title":"J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(10)65062-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","article-title":"Resuscitation after brain ischemia. In: Brain Failure and Resuscitation. A Grenvik and P Safar, eds","author":"Safar P","year":"1981","unstructured":"Safar P. (1981). Resuscitation after brain ischemia. In: Brain Failure and Resuscitation. A Grenvik and P Safar, eds. Churchill Livingstone, New. York.","journal-title":"Churchill Livingstone, New"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2014.1008"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13049-015-0172-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resuscitation.2015.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00114.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.wem.2014.09.002"}],"container-title":["High Altitude Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/ham.2020.0179","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ham.2020.0179","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ham.2020.0179","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:24:57Z","timestamp":1777447497000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/ham.2020.0179"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/ham.2020.0179"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ham.2020.0179","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-0297","1557-8682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-0297","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]]}}}