{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T09:27:35Z","timestamp":1784366855278,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]],"date-time":"2022-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661990400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["High Altitude Medicine &amp; Biology"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Yu, Linyang, Jinqing Feng, Chen Zhou, Xiaohan Zhu, Xiaobin Lou, Jian Yang, Haiying Qi, and Jia Li. Cognitive function mainly shaped by socioeconomic status rather than chronic hypoxia in adolescents at high altitude.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">High Alt Med Biol<\/jats:italic>\n                    . 23:223\u2013231, 2022.\n                  <\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The study evaluated cognitive function in relation to the changes in brain tissue oxygenation in three groups of high school students from different socioeconomic regions including Tibetans in Jiuzhi and Lhasa (both at 3,600\u2009m), and Han in Beijing (44\u2009m).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Jiuzhi, Lhasa, and Beijing Group included 21 Tibetans, 24 Tibetans, and 23 Han, respectively. Wechsler Intelligence Scale was used for cognitive evaluation. Functional near infrared spectroscopy was used to measure the changes of oxygenated hemoglobin (oxy-Hb) during the cognitive assessment. Gross domestic product (GDP) was used to indicate the socioeconomic status.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      All the cognitive scores were significantly lower in the two high altitude groups compared with the Beijing Group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The scores in Jiuzhi Group were significantly lower compared with the Lhasa Group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). The changes in oxy-Hb in channels 6 and 15 in both high-altitude groups were significantly greater compared with the Beijing Group (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05), without significant difference between the two high-altitude groups. GDP was significantly correlated with all the scores (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), but not altitude.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Cognitive impairment occurs in adolescents at high altitude, being severer in Jiuzhi Group compared with the Lhasa Group. The lower performance in both high-altitude groups require greater brain activity over-compensated by cerebral oxygen delivery as indicated by the changes in oxy-Hb. The cognitive scores were significantly correlated with GDP rather than altitude. Cognitive function in adolescents at high altitude is not limited by chronic hypoxia, but mainly shaped by socioeconomic determinants.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2022.0022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,14]],"date-time":"2022-07-14T09:30:34Z","timestamp":1657791034000},"page":"223-231","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Cognitive Function Mainly Shaped by Socioeconomic Status Rather Than Chronic Hypoxia in Adolescents at High Altitude"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"23","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4888-0687","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Linyang","family":"Yu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinqing","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chen","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Beijing Jiaoyangzhixin Education Consulting Co., Ltd., Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaohan","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaobin","family":"Lou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Children's Hospital Affiliated to the Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiying","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Electrophysiology, Women and Children's Hospital of Qinghai Province, Xining, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8637-5959","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jia","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Physiology Laboratory, Institute of Pediatrics, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8655","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0701985104","article-title":"Two routes to functional adaptation: Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives","volume":"1","author":"Beall CM","year":"2007","unstructured":"Beall CM. (2007). Two routes to functional adaptation: Tibetan and Andean high-altitude natives. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 Suppl, 1:8655\u20138660.","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104 Suppl"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","first-page":"637","article-title":"Circulation and energy metabolism in the brain. In: Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects, 6th Edition. Siegel GJ et al, eds. Lippincott-Raven, New York","author":"Clarke DD","year":"1999","unstructured":"Clarke DD, , and Sokoloff L. (1999). Circulation and energy metabolism in the brain. In: Basic Neurochemistry: Molecular, Cellular, and Medical Aspects, 6th Edition. Siegel GJ et al, eds. Lippincott-Raven, New York. pp. 637\u2013669.","journal-title":"pp"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02447083"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.83.4.1140"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/EP085200"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.00570","article-title":"Human discrimination and categorization of emotions in voices: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Study","volume":"14","author":"Gruber T","year":"2020","unstructured":"Gruber T, , Debracque C, , Ceravolo L, , Igloi K, , Marin Bosch B, , Fruhholz S, , and Grandjean D. (2020). Human discrimination and categorization of emotions in voices: A Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) Study. Front Neurosci, 14:570.","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Validation of EGOS-600 Near infrared spectroscopy to measure cerebral oxygen saturation by comparing to NIRO-200nx in vitro and in vivo","volume":"7","author":"Han D","year":"2016","unstructured":"Han D, , and Zhang H. (2016). Validation of EGOS-600 Near infrared spectroscopy to measure cerebral oxygen saturation by comparing to NIRO-200nx in vitro and in vivo. J Clin Exp Cardiol, 7:1\u20136.","journal-title":"J Clin Exp Cardiol"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/neu0000065"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.1994.84"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2009.00909.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.31.10.2314"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01429.2006"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1989.62.1.1"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_15_1","article-title":"Adaptation of Cardiopulmonary System in Children at High Altitude-The Chinese Observations","author":"Li J","year":"2015","unstructured":"Li J, , and Qi H-Y. (2015). Adaptation of Cardiopulmonary System in Children at High Altitude-The Chinese Observations. Scholars' Press, Germany.","journal-title":"Scholars' Press,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.JGP.0000235710.17450.9a"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.2008.141838"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","first-page":"43","article-title":"The people. In High Altitude: An Exploration of Human Adaption. T Hornbein and R Shoene R, eds. Marcel Dekker, New York","author":"Niermeyer S","year":"2001","unstructured":"Niermeyer S, , Zamudio S, , and Moore L. (2001). The people. In High Altitude: An Exploration of Human Adaption. T Hornbein and R Shoene R, eds. Marcel Dekker, New York. pp. 43\u2013100.","journal-title":"pp"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.106.624544"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/s20143917"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcha.2014.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2010.01.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.172399499"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinph.2011.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci10010036"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_26_1","first-page":"3","article-title":"Ecocultural context and developmental risk: Birth in the high altitudes (Peru). In: The Cultural Context of Infancy: Biology, Culture, and Infant Development. Nugent J. Kevin et al., eds. Ablex Publishing Corporation, New Jersey","author":"Saco-Pollitt C","year":"1989","unstructured":"Saco-Pollitt C. (1989). Ecocultural context and developmental risk: Birth in the high altitudes (Peru). In: The Cultural Context of Infancy: Biology, Culture, and Infant Development. Nugent J. Kevin et al., eds. Ablex Publishing Corporation, New Jersey. pp. 3\u201325.","journal-title":"pp"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1088\/0967-3334\/35\/4\/717","article-title":"Measuring tissue hemodynamics and oxygenation by continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy\u2014How robust are the different calculation methods against movement artifacts?","volume":"35","author":"Scholkmann F","year":"2014","unstructured":"Scholkmann F, , Metz AJ, , and Wolf M. (2014). Measuring tissue hemodynamics and oxygenation by continuous-wave functional near-infrared spectroscopy\u2014How robust are the different calculation methods against movement artifacts?. Physiol Meas, 35:717\u2013734.","journal-title":"Physiol Meas"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.2753\/CED1061-1932340559","article-title":"A cross-cultural study of intellectual and nonintellectual factors influencing mathematical ability in Tibetan and Han students","volume":"34","author":"Shehu L","year":"2014","unstructured":"Shehu L, , Min F, , Mingfu K, , and Zhongchun W. (2014). A cross-cultural study of intellectual and nonintellectual factors influencing mathematical ability in Tibetan and Han students. Chin Educ Soc, 34:59\u201370.","journal-title":"Chin Educ Soc"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1189406"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-7687.2011.01064.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","article-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV)","author":"Wechsler D","year":"2003","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (2003). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Fourth Edition (WISC-IV). The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio, TX.","journal-title":"The Psychological Corporation, San Antonio,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","article-title":"Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2014Fourth Edition, Mainland China Version","author":"Wechsler D","year":"2008","unstructured":"Wechsler D. (2008). Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children\u2014Fourth Edition, Mainland China Version. King-May Psychological Corporation, Zhuhai, Guangdong.","journal-title":"King-May Psychological Corporation, Zhuhai,"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ham.2006.7.193"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_34_1","article-title":"Towards a GIS Based Analysis of Mountain Environment and Population","author":"Zanetti M","year":"2003","unstructured":"Zanetti M, , Bloise M, , and Bel J. (2003). Towards a GIS Based Analysis of Mountain Environment and Population. FAO, Rome.","journal-title":"FAO,"}],"container-title":["High Altitude Medicine &amp; Biology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/ham.2022.0022","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ham.2022.0022","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/ham.2022.0022","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T07:25:15Z","timestamp":1777447515000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/ham.2022.0022"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]},"references-count":33,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/ham.2022.0022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/ham.2022.0022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1527-0297","1557-8682"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1527-0297","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-8682","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,1]]}}}