{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T11:54:22Z","timestamp":1791633262865,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Equity"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Female veterans are the fastest growing group of new Veterans Health Administration (VA) users, and 40% identify as belonging to a racialized group. It is unclear if racial\/ethnic disparities in reproductive health care and outcomes observed among nonveterans are present among veterans. The purpose of this scoping review was to characterize patterns of racial\/ethnic disparities in reproductive health care and outcomes among female veterans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A structured PubMed search was performed to extend a prior systematic review (from 2008\u20132017 to 2018\u20132023). We included original research on reproductive health care and outcomes in female veterans that also included a measure of association to race or ethnicity. Four hundred thirty-eight articles were identified for potential inclusion. Following PRISMA guidelines, titles and abstracts were screened in duplicate, and full articles were reviewed using a standardized abstraction form. Articles were sorted into six categories by topic (contraception, infertility, pregnancy, reproductive health screenings, gynecology, and menopause) and outcomes characterized as structural (e.g., organization of care), process (e.g., access to services), or clinical\/behavioral (e.g., low birthweight) measures per Donabedian\u2019s model.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      After title and abstract screening, 53 articles were reviewed in full. Four additional articles were excluded for a final sample of 49 articles. All articles described results from observational studies, which were almost exclusively focused on veterans using VA care (94%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 46). Topics with the greatest number of articles included pregnancy (43%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 21) and contraception (24%,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 12). Racial\/ethnic disparities were detected more frequently for clinical and behavioral outcome measures than for process measures.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Consistent with literature regarding other types of VA care, racial\/ethnic disparities were more prevalent for clinical and behavioral outcome measures versus process measures, highlighting that access is necessary but not sufficient for reaching health equity. Understanding the racial\/ethnic health disparities and their relationships with different measures of health care quality is essential for achieving health equity for female veterans.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/heq.2024.0168","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]],"date-time":"2025-04-10T04:49:12Z","timestamp":1744260552000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Reproductive Health Care and Outcomes Among Female Veterans: A Scoping Review"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"9","author":[{"given":"Katrina S.","family":"Nietsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samantha L.","family":"Estevez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nichole","family":"Goodsmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Health Care Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, USA."},{"name":"VA Desert Pacific Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, Los Angeles, California, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristin O.","family":"Haeger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"US Department of Veterans Affairs, VA Office of Women\u2019s Health, Washington, District of Columbia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill","family":"Inderstrodt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Indiana University Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabra S.","family":"Inslicht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California, USA."},{"name":"University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katherine A.","family":"Kosman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VA Boston Health Care System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiyan","family":"Mu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research &amp; Simulation Division, Nursing Education, Clement J. Zablocki VA Medical Center, Milwaukee, Wisconsin, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yael I.","family":"Nillni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Center for PTSD, Women\u2019s Health Sciences Division at VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Boston University Chobanian &amp; Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Deirdre","family":"Quinn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Health Equity Research &amp; Promotion (CHERP), VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."},{"name":"Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Health Care Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Siff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, Virginia, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krysttel C.","family":"Stryczek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Innovation for the Study of Veteran-Centric and Value-Driven Care, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA."},{"name":"VA Eastern Colorado Healthcare System, Aurora, Colorado, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica V.","family":"Tartaglione","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Innovation for the Study of Veteran-Centric and Value-Driven Care, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7973-9041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jodie G.","family":"Katon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for the Study of Health Care Innovation, Implementation, and Policy, VA Greater Los Angeles Health Care System, Los Angeles, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_7_2_2","volume-title":"Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","author":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care","year":"2003","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. (Smedley BD, , Stith AY, , Nelson AR. eds.) National Academies Press (US): Washington (DC); 2003."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002937"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000003647"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm6835a3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.023"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ogc.2023.08.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2018.7076"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ygyno.2024.01.054"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8882"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195137408.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2023.01.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2015.5637"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1229039"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4135\/9781483345239"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12111-012-9219-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.25181"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_18_2","volume-title":"Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity","author":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice","year":"2017","unstructured":"National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, Health and Medicine Division; Board on Population Health and Public Health Practice. Communities in Action: Pathways to Health Equity. (Baciu A, , Negussie Y, , Geller A, , Weinstein JN. eds.) National Academies Press: Washington (DC); 2017."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_19_2","volume-title":"Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century","author":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America","year":"2001","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Quality of Health Care in America. Crossing the Quality Chasm: A New Health System for the 21st Century. National Academies Press: Washington (DC); 2001."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_20_2","unstructured":"VA Health Care Priorities. 2022. Available from: https:\/\/www.va.gov\/health\/priorities\/index.asp#:\u223c:text=Improve%20our%20technology%20systems%20and %2C%20states%2C%20advocates%20and%20agencies [Last accessed: August2 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_21_2","unstructured":"VHA Office of Health Equity. Available from: https:\/\/www.va.gov\/healthequity\/ [Last accessed: August2 2024]."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_22_2","volume-title":"Longitudinal Trends in Sociodemographics, Utilization, Health Profile, and Geographic Distribution","author":"Frayne SM","year":"2018","unstructured":"Frayne SM, , Phibbs SC, , Saechao F, et al. Sourcebook: Women veterans in the veterans health administration. In: Longitudinal Trends in Sociodemographics, Utilization, Health Profile, and Geographic Distribution Vol 4. Women Veterans Healthcare: Washington, DC; 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_23_2","volume-title":"State of Reproductive Health Volume II: VA Reproductive Health Diagnoses and Organization of Care","author":"Katon JG","year":"2023","unstructured":"Katon JG, , Tartaglione EV, , Eleazar JR, et al. State of Reproductive Health Volume II: VA Reproductive Health Diagnoses and Organization of Care. Office of Women\u2019s Health, Veterans Health Administration, Department of Veterans Affairs; 2023."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0461-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2006.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_26_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000005128"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_27_2","unstructured":"VA Maintaining Internal Systems and Strengthening Integrated Outside Networks Act of 2018. 2018."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_28_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4152-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0039-1678750"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_30_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2016.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3348969"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_32_2","volume-title":"Systematic Review of Women Veterans Health Research 2004-2008","author":"Bean-Mayberry B","year":"2010","unstructured":"Bean-Mayberry B, , Huang C, , Batuman F, et al. Systematic Review of Women Veterans Health Research 2004-2008. Department of Veterans Affairs (US): Washington (DC); 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_33_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/M18-0850"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_34_2","volume-title":"Covidence Systematic Review Software","author":"Veritas Health Innovation","unstructured":"Veritas Health Innovation. Covidence Systematic Review Software. Veritas Health Innovation: Melbourne, Australia; n.d."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354918760574"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_36_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2022.07.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2023.06.013"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_38_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-021-03171-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_39_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2015.09.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_40_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2018.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_41_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2020.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_42_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001461"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2021.06.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_44_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0529"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0462"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_46_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2022.0507"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_47_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usab457"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_48_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000000542"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_49_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2019.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2019.7948"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0890334419888200"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jts.22509"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1359105320913100"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2021.04.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2021.0078"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.03.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_58_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01459740.2018.1549389"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12978-019-0729-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/birt.12622"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_61_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2011.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_62_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-012-2240-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_63_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.12.178"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_64_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07596-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_65_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2013.03.024"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_66_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2013.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_67_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028015607825"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_7_68_2","first-page":"54","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in contraceptive knowledge among women veterans in the ECUUN study","volume":"96","author":"Rosenfeld E","year":"2017","unstructured":"Rosenfeld E, , Callegari LS, , Sileanu FE, et al. Racial and ethnic disparities in contraceptive knowledge among women veterans in the ECUUN study. Contraception, 2017; 96(1):54\u201361; doi: 10.1016\/j.contraception.2017.03.008","journal-title":"Contraception"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_69_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2017.10.015"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_70_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2019.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_71_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2020.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_72_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2020.02.042"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_73_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-017-4049-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_74_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2016.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_75_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000004255"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_7_76_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1279","article-title":"Beyond same-day long-acting reversible contraceptive access: A person-centered framework for advancing high-quality, equitable contraceptive care","volume":"222","author":"Holt K","year":"2020","unstructured":"Holt K, , Reed R, , Crear-Perry J, et al. Beyond same-day long-acting reversible contraceptive access: A person-centered framework for advancing high-quality, equitable contraceptive care. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 2020; 222(4S):S878 e1-S878\u2013Se6; doi: 10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.11.1279","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_77_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.contraception.2023.110303"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_78_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07591-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_79_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001200"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_80_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2015.10.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_81_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2018.08.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_82_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2020.8503"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_83_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.07.006"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_84_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2023.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_85_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usac036"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_86_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000001130"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_87_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07578-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_88_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-014-3073-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_89_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.173.1.91"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_90_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GME.0000000000001978"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_91_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jwh.2017.6731"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_92_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MLR.0000000000000301"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_93_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.288.3.321"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_94_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.whi.2022.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_95_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0074"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_96_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0240306"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_97_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2017.0029"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_98_2","volume-title":"Reproductive Injustice: Racism, Pregnancy, and Premature Birth (Anthropologies of American Medicine: Culture, Power, and Practice","author":"Davis D-A","year":"2019","unstructured":"Davis D-A. Reproductive Injustice: Racism, Pregnancy, and Premature Birth (Anthropologies of American Medicine: Culture, Power, and Practice. NYU Press: NYC, NY; 2019."},{"key":"e_1_3_7_99_2","unstructured":"Roach J. ROOTT\u2019s Theoretical Framework of the Web of Causation between Structural and Social Determinants of Health and Wellness\u20142016. 2016. Available from: https:\/\/www.roottrj.org\/web-causation [Last accessed: April4 2022]."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_3_7_100_2","first-page":"207","article-title":"The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: Evidence and speculations","volume":"2","author":"Geronimus AT","year":"1992","unstructured":"Geronimus AT. The weathering hypothesis and the health of African-American women and infants: Evidence and speculations. Ethn Dis, 1992; 2(3):207\u2013221.","journal-title":"Ethn Dis"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_101_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2004.060749"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_102_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-011-1806-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_103_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/GCO.0000000000000124"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_104_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2014.03.022"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_105_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2010.07.030"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_106_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2009.171058"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_107_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10916-022-01803-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_7_108_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.2792"}],"container-title":["Health Equity"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/heq.2024.0168","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/heq.2024.0168","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/heq.2024.0168","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,18]],"date-time":"2026-05-18T11:17:29Z","timestamp":1779103049000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/heq.2024.0168"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/heq.2024.0168"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/heq.2024.0168","relation":{},"ISSN":["2473-1242","2473-1242"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2473-1242","type":"print"},{"value":"2473-1242","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]]},"article-number":"heq.2024.0168"}}