{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T12:07:08Z","timestamp":1779192428707,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    There is little published data on the performance of hand-portable polymerase chain reaction (PCR) systems that can be used by first responders to determine if a suspicious powder contains a potential biothreat agent. We evaluated 5 commercially available hand-portable PCR instruments for detection of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We used a cost-effective, statistically based test plan to evaluate systems at performance levels ranging from 0.85-0.95 lower confidence bound (LCB) of the probability of detection (POD) at confidence levels of 80% to 95%. We assessed specificity using purified genomic DNA from 13\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains and 18\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    near neighbors, potential interference with 22 suspicious powders that are commonly encountered in the field by first responders during suspected biothreat incidents, and the potential for PCR inhibition when\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores were spiked into these powders. Our results indicate that 3 of the 5 systems achieved 0.95 LCB of the probability of detection with 95% confidence levels at test concentrations of 2,000 genome equivalents\/mL (GE\/mL), which is comparable to 2,000 spores\/mL. This is more than sufficient sensitivity for screening visible suspicious powders. These systems exhibited no false-positive results or PCR inhibition with common suspicious powders and reliably detected\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores spiked into these powders, though some issues with assay controls were observed. Our testing approach enables efficient performance testing using a statistically rigorous and cost-effective test plan to generate performance data that allow users to make informed decisions regarding the purchase and use of field biodetection equipment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2016.0043","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T16:58:33Z","timestamp":1487005113000},"page":"70-80","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Evaluation of PCR Systems for Field Screening of\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Ozanich","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather A.","family":"Colburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin D.","family":"Victry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Bartholomew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Heredia-Langner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Jarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Helen W.","family":"Kreuzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia J.","family":"Bruckner-Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/301408"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","unstructured":"Schmitt E Shanker T. Qaeda trying to harness toxin for bombs U.S. officials fear. New York Times August 12 2011. http:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2011\/08\/13\/world\/middleeast\/13terror.html. Accessed November30 2016."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozanich RM Bartholomew RA Bruckner-Lea CJ Hess BM Arce JS Cardamone HC. Biodetection Technologies for First Responders: 2015 Edition. Richland WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; 2015. http:\/\/biodetectionresource.pnnl.gov. Accessed November30 2016.","DOI":"10.2172\/1129367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.05.142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3454-3455.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2014.0015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2013.0050"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/803485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.12107"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5740\/jaoacint.11-521"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.4.1338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.4.1342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.4.1352"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.4.1328"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.4.1347"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","volume-title":"E2458-10","author":"ASTM E2458-10: Standard practices for bulk sample collection and swab sample collection of visible powders suspected of being biological agents from nonporous surfaces.","year":"2010","unstructured":"ASTM E2458-10: Standard practices for bulk sample collection and swab sample collection of visible powders suspected of being biological agents from nonporous surfaces. In: E2458-10. West Conshohoken, PA: ASTM International; 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","volume-title":"E2885-13","author":"ASTM","year":"2013","unstructured":"ASTM. E2885-13: Standard specification for handheld point chemical vapor detectors (HPCVD) for homeland security applications. In: E2885-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2013."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.07.039"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","unstructured":"St. Amant DC Carey LF Guelta BA. An improved method for the production of Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores for use as a simulant for biological warfare agents\u2014quality analysis. Aberdeen Proving Ground MD: Edgewood Chemical Biological Center; 2003. Accession No.: ADA483822."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","first-page":"119","article-title":"Approximate is better than \u201cexact\u201d for interval estimation of binomial proportions","volume":"52","author":"Agresti A","year":"1998","unstructured":"Agresti A, , Coull BA. Approximate is better than \u201cexact\u201d for interval estimation of binomial proportions. Am Stat, 1998; 52(2):119-126.","journal-title":"Am Stat"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.06831-11"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_25_2","article-title":"Evaluation of immunoassays and general biological indicator tests for Bacillus anthracis and ricin detection","author":"Bartholomew RA","year":"2016","unstructured":"Bartholomew RA, , Ozanich R, , Arce J, et al. Evaluation of immunoassays and general biological indicator tests for Bacillus anthracis and ricin detection. 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