{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,19]],"date-time":"2026-05-19T12:07:13Z","timestamp":1779192433539,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    There is little published data on the performance of biological indicator tests and immunoassays that could be used by first responders to determine if a suspicious powder contains a potential biothreat agent. We evaluated a range of biological indicator tests, including 3 protein tests, 2 ATP tests, 1 DNA test, and 1 FTIR spectroscopy instrument for their ability to screen suspicious powders for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) spores and ricin. We also evaluated 12 immunoassays (mostly lateral flow immunoassays) for their ability to screen for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and ricin. We used a cost-effective, statistically based test plan that allows instruments to be evaluated at performance levels ranging from 0.85 to 0.95 lower confidence bound of the probability of detection at confidence levels of 80% to 95%. We also assessed interference with 22 common suspicious powders encountered in the field. The detection reproducibility for the biological indicators was evaluated at 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores and 62.5\u2009\u03bcg ricin, and the immunoassay detection reproducibility was evaluated at 10\n                    <jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup>\n                    spores\/mL (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and 0.1\u2009\u03bcg\/mL (ricin). Seven out of 12 immunoassays met our most stringent criteria for\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">B. anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    detection, while 9 out of 12 met our most stringent test criteria for ricin detection. Most of the immunoassays also detected ricin in 3 different crude castor seed preparations. Our testing results varied across products and sample preparations, indicating the importance of reviewing performance data for specific instruments and sample types of interest for the application in order to make informed decisions regarding the selection of biodetection equipment for field use.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2016.0044","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,13]],"date-time":"2017-02-13T16:58:33Z","timestamp":1487005113000},"page":"81-96","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Evaluation of Immunoassays and General Biological Indicator Tests for Field Screening of\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    and Ricin"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"15","author":[{"given":"Rachel A.","family":"Bartholomew","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard M.","family":"Ozanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jennifer S.","family":"Arce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Heather E.","family":"Engelmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alejandro","family":"Heredia-Langner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Beth A.","family":"Hofstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Janine R.","family":"Hutchison","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin","family":"Jarman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Angela M.","family":"Melville","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kristin D.","family":"Victry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cynthia J.","family":"Bruckner-Lea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_2_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ozanich RM Bartholomew RA Bruckner-Lea CJ Hess BM Arce JS Cardamone HC. Biodetection Technologies for First Responders: 2015 Edition. Richland WA: Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; 2015. http:\/\/biodetectionresource.pnnl.gov. Accessed December5 2016.","DOI":"10.2172\/1129367"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.4.1347"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.4.1352"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.4.1338"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.4.1342"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jaoac\/94.4.1356"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_9_2","volume-title":"E2885-13","author":"ASTM. E2885-13: standard specification for handheld point chemical vapor detectors (HPCVD) for homeland security applications","year":"2013","unstructured":"ASTM. E2885-13: standard specification for handheld point chemical vapor detectors (HPCVD) for homeland security applications. In: E2885-13. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2013."},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_10_2","article-title":"Evaluation of PCR systems for field screening of Bacillus anthracis","volume":"15","author":"Ozanich RM","year":"2017","unstructured":"Ozanich RM, , Colburn HA, , Victry KD, et al. Evaluation of PCR systems for field screening of Bacillus anthracis. Health Secur, 2017; 15(1).","journal-title":"Health Secur"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2672.2008.03899.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1039\/c2an16186a"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_2_13_2","first-page":"S49","article-title":"Limit of blank, limit of detection and limit of quantitation","volume":"29","author":"Armbruster DA","year":"2008","unstructured":"Armbruster DA, , Pry T. Limit of blank, limit of detection and limit of quantitation. Clin Biochem Rev, 2008; 29(Suppl 1):S49-S52.","journal-title":"Clin Biochem Rev"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_14_2","unstructured":"Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. CLSI Evaluation of Detection Capability for Clinical Laboratory Measurement Procedures; Approved Guidelines. CLSI document EP17-A2. 2012."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_15_2","volume-title":"E28000-11: Standard Practice for Characterization of Bacillus Spore Suspensions for Reference Materials","author":"ASTM","year":"2011","unstructured":"ASTM. E28000-11: Standard Practice for Characterization of Bacillus Spore Suspensions for Reference Materials. West Conshohocken, PA: ASTM International; 2011."},{"key":"e_1_3_2_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.41.7.3454-3455.2003"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2009.05.142"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12392"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/803485"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2014.0015"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2006.09.004"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/bsp.2013.0053"},{"key":"e_1_3_2_23_2","volume-title":"E2458-10: Standard Practices for Bulk Sample Collection and Swab Sample Collection of Visible Powders Suspected of Being Biothreat Agents from Nonporous Surfaces","author":"ASTM","year":"2010","unstructured":"ASTM. 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