{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T23:10:40Z","timestamp":1787008240858,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>This article analyzes the decisionmaking, communication, and outcomes of collaboration between the West Virginia National Guard (WVNG) and state and county organizations in hosting state-prioritized COVID-19 testing site events from May 22 to December 30, 2020. The United States Census Bureau designated 34 of the 55 counties in West Virginia as rural. For this study, we classified 23 counties as rural-identified counties, 14 counties as minority-identified counties and 14 counties as both rural and minority-identified counties. This resulted in a total 51 of the 55 counties receiving a rural, minority, or both rural and minority-identified county designation. Through collaboration between the WVNG and public health partners, 98,846 COVID-19 tests were conducted between May 22 and December 30, 2020, making up 7% of the total of 1,414,373 COVID-19 tests conducted in the entire state of West Virginia during that time frame. A total of 349 (68.2%) of the 512 WVNG-supported testing sites occurred in either rural or minority-identified counties: 185 (36.1%) in rural counties, 134 (26.2%) in minority-identified counties, and 30 (5.9%) in counties designated as both rural and minority-identified. The novel use of the WVNG to support county health departments in rural and minority-identified counties allowed more COVID-19 testing site events to occur. This demonstrates the use of the National Guard as a force multiplier, helping to reach the state's most vulnerable and underserved populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2021.0082","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T23:51:57Z","timestamp":1642031517000},"page":"58-64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Integrating US National Guard with Public Health Partners at COVID-19 Testing Sites in West Virginia Counties with High Rural and Minority Populations: Lessons Learned"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Jaymie Brooks","family":"Dumproff","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Jaymie Brooks Dumproff, MPH, MS, is a Public Health Officer; John Bishara, DO, is a Medical Doctor; Neil Copeland, MD, is a Flight Surgeon; and Todd Fredricks, DO, is a State Surgeon; all in the West Virginia Air and Army National Guard, Charleston, WV. Jaymie Brooks Dumproff is also a DrPH Student, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. John Bishara and Neil Copeland are also Assistant Professors, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine Charleston Campus, Charleston, WV. Todd Fredricks is also an Associate Professor of Primary Care, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Bishara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jaymie Brooks Dumproff, MPH, MS, is a Public Health Officer; John Bishara, DO, is a Medical Doctor; Neil Copeland, MD, is a Flight Surgeon; and Todd Fredricks, DO, is a State Surgeon; all in the West Virginia Air and Army National Guard, Charleston, WV. Jaymie Brooks Dumproff is also a DrPH Student, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. John Bishara and Neil Copeland are also Assistant Professors, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine Charleston Campus, Charleston, WV. Todd Fredricks is also an Associate Professor of Primary Care, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jaymie Brooks Dumproff, MPH, MS, is a Public Health Officer; John Bishara, DO, is a Medical Doctor; Neil Copeland, MD, is a Flight Surgeon; and Todd Fredricks, DO, is a State Surgeon; all in the West Virginia Air and Army National Guard, Charleston, WV. Jaymie Brooks Dumproff is also a DrPH Student, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. John Bishara and Neil Copeland are also Assistant Professors, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine Charleston Campus, Charleston, WV. Todd Fredricks is also an Associate Professor of Primary Care, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd","family":"Fredricks","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Jaymie Brooks Dumproff, MPH, MS, is a Public Health Officer; John Bishara, DO, is a Medical Doctor; Neil Copeland, MD, is a Flight Surgeon; and Todd Fredricks, DO, is a State Surgeon; all in the West Virginia Air and Army National Guard, Charleston, WV. Jaymie Brooks Dumproff is also a DrPH Student, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD. John Bishara and Neil Copeland are also Assistant Professors, Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine Charleston Campus, Charleston, WV. Todd Fredricks is also an Associate Professor of Primary Care, Ohio University Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Health equity considerations and racial and ethnic minority groups. Updated April 19 2021. Accessed May12 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/community\/health-equity\/race-ethnicity.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Rural communities. Updated July 7 2021. Accessed July9 2021. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/need-extra-precautions\/other-at-risk-populations\/rural-communities.html"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-014-3089-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","volume-title":"Care Without Coverage: Too Little, Too Late","author":"Institute of Medicine","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine. Care Without Coverage: Too Little, Too Late. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2002. Accessed August25, 2021. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.17226\/10367"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","unstructured":"US Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service. West Virginia: three rural definitions based on Census Places. Updated 2019. Accessed September7 2020. https:\/\/www.ers.usda.gov\/webdocs\/DataFiles\/53180\/25604_wv.pdf?v=0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","unstructured":"United States Census Bureau. QuickFacts: West Virginia. Population estimate July 1 2019. Accessed September7 2020. https:\/\/www.census.gov\/quickfacts\/WV"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","unstructured":"Index Mundi. West Virginia population by county. Accessed June20 2021. https:\/\/www.indexmundi.com\/facts\/united-states\/quick-facts\/west-virginia\/population#map"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","unstructured":"West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources. COVID-19 daily update 12-31-2020. Published December 31 2020. Accessed June9 2021. https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/News\/2020\/Pages\/COVID-19-Daily-Update-12-31-2020.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","unstructured":"Office of the Governor Jim Justice. COVID-19 update: Gov. Justice schedules reopenings for gyms other recreational activities; announces plan to test vulnerable and minority populations. Published May 14 2020. Accessed August25 2021. https:\/\/governor.wv.gov\/News\/press-releases\/2020\/Pages\/COVID-19-UPDATE-Gov.-Justice-announces-additional-reopenings.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","unstructured":"Rural Health Information Hub. Healthcare access in rural communities. Updated August 18 2021 Accessed July17 2021. https:\/\/www.ruralhealthinfo.org\/topics\/healthcare-access"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","unstructured":"West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR) Bureau for Public Health State Office of Rural Health. Creating a Culture of Health in Rural West Virginia: State Rural Health Plan 2018-2022. Charleston WV: DHHR; January 2018. Accessed November12 2021. https:\/\/dhhr.wv.gov\/ruralhealth\/publicationsandresources\/Documents\/2018%20State%20Rural%20Health%20Plan%20(Final).pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","unstructured":"McClellan M Gottlieb S Mostashari F Rivers C Silvis L. A National COVID-19 Surveillance System: Achieving Containment. Durham NC: Duke University Margolis Center for Health Policy; April 7 2020. Accessed September20 2020. https:\/\/healthpolicy.duke.edu\/sites\/default\/files\/2020-06\/a_national_covid_surveillance_system.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/167.11.929"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2460\/javma.1977.170.03.327"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","unstructured":"National Conference of State Legislatures. National Guard assists response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Published April 28 2020. Accessed December19 2020. https:\/\/www.ncsl.org\/research\/military-and-veterans-affairs\/national-guard-activation-in-every-state-assisting-response-to-the-covid-19-pandemic.aspx"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","unstructured":"West Virginia National Guard. The Beeline. Lt. Col. John Wiles 1st Lt. Jaymie Brooks Dumproff talk WVNG's Task Force Med. Episode 6. July 16 2020. Accessed August22 2020. https:\/\/podcasts.apple.com\/us\/podcast\/the-beeline-episode-6-lt-col-john-wiles-1st-lt-jaymie\/id1511793734?i=1000476564479"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","unstructured":"West Virginia National Guard Facebook page. Last weekend more than 80 members of the WVNG assisted with high-density population testing across the state. Accessed August22 2020. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/WV.NationalGuard\/videos\/248786766401406"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","unstructured":"West Virginia National Guard Facebook page. WV Guard assists with lane testing for vulnerable populations. Accessed August22 2020. https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/WV.NationalGuard\/videos\/571221113807212"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","unstructured":"Vance C. W.Va. Guard's Task Force Medical continues efforts to combat COVID-19. West Virginia National Guard. Published June 24 2020. Accessed August22 2020. https:\/\/www.wv.ng.mil\/News\/Article\/2231113\/wva-guards-task-force-medical-continues-efforts-to-combat-covid-19\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","unstructured":"Colorado National Guard. Colorado Guard maintains readiness during record year. National Guard. Published December 17 2020. Accessed February12 2021. https:\/\/www.nationalguard.mil\/News\/Article\/2449761\/colorado-guard-maintains-readiness-during-record-year\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","unstructured":"Wriston EL. W.Va. Guard powerful force multiplier for West Virginia COVID-19 epidemiological response. West Virginia National Guard. Published April 15 2020. Accessed May22 2020. https:\/\/www.wv.ng.mil\/News\/News-Article-View\/Article\/2151688\/wva-guard-powerful-force-multiplier-for-west-virginia-covid-19-epidemiological\/fbclid\/IwAR2EfRG3cPD79Gny1auWhO3mG66_xNMgp3a-ISUy_r-p0DIxIb7_NkfFsAw\/"}],"container-title":["Health Security"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/hs.2021.0082","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/hs.2021.0082","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/hs.2021.0082","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T08:40:35Z","timestamp":1777452035000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/hs.2021.0082"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/hs.2021.0082"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/hs.2021.0082","relation":{},"ISSN":["2326-5094","2326-5108"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2326-5094","type":"print"},{"value":"2326-5108","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]}}}