{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T19:19:54Z","timestamp":1790623194057,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]],"date-time":"2023-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675209600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study aimed to determine optimal mitigation strategies in the event of an aerosolized attack with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Bacillus anthracis<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a category A bioterrorism agent with a case fatality rate of nearly 100% if inhaled and untreated. To simulate the effect of an anthrax attack, we used a plume dispersion model for Sydney, Australia, accounting for weather conditions. We determined the radius of exposure in different sizes of attack scenarios by spore quantity released per second. Estimations of different spore concentrations were then used to calculate the exposed population to inform a Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) deterministic mathematical model. Results are shown as estimates of the total number of exposed and infected people, along with the burden of disease, to quantify the amount of vaccination and antibiotics doses needed for stockpiles. For the worst-case scenario, over 500,000 people could be exposed and over 300,000 infected. The number of deaths depends closely on timing to start postexposure prophylaxis. Vaccination used as a postexposure prophylaxis in conjunction with antibiotics is the most effective mitigation strategy to reduce deaths after an aerosolized attack and is more effective when the response starts early (2 days after release) and has high adherence, while it makes only a small difference when started late (after 10 days).\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2022.0100","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T09:30:29Z","timestamp":1674639029000},"page":"61-69","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Modeling on the Effects of Deliberate Release of Aerosolized Inhalational\n                    <i>Bacillus anthracis<\/i>\n                    (Anthrax) on an Australian Population"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Valentina","family":"Costantino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Valentina Costantino, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate; in the Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prateek","family":"Bahl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Prateek Bahl, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate; at the School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Con","family":"Doolan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Con Doolan, PhD, is a Professor and Associate Dean (Academic Programs); at the School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charitha","family":"de Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charitha de Silva, PhD, is a Lecturer; at the School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Heslop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"David Heslop, PhD, MPH, is an Associate Professor, School of Public Health and Community Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Xin Chen, PhD, is a Postdoctoral Research Associate; in the Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samsung","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Samsung Lim, MA, PhD, is an Associate Professor, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chandini Raina","family":"MacIntyre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chandini Raina MacIntyre, MBBS, MAE, PhD, is a Professor and Head; in the Biosecurity Program, The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia."},{"name":"Chandini Raina MacIntyre is also a Professor, College of Health Solutions and College of Public Service and Community Solutions, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dss.2004.06.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1631983100"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.epidem.2010.06.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X09341389"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1007.030623"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0272989X07312721"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1109\/TSMCA.2005.851291"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-144-4-200602210-00009"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","unstructured":"US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 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