{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T23:57:12Z","timestamp":1781654232292,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1_suppl","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]],"date-time":"2024-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725148800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Health Security"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Infectious disease physicians in England have been diagnosing and managing occasional cases of viral hemorrhagic fever since 1971, including the United Kingdom\u2019s first case of Ebola virus disease in 1976. Specialist isolation facilities to provide safe and effective care have been present since that time. Following the emergence of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) in 2012, and the avian influenza A (H7N9) outbreak in 2013, and the 2014-2016 Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa, clinical and public health preparedness and response pathways in England have been strengthened for these types of diseases, now called high-consequence infectious diseases (HCIDs). The HCID program, led by NHS England and Public Health England between 2016 and 2018, helped to deliver these enhancements, which have since been used on multiple occasions for new UK cases and outbreaks of MERS, mpox, avian influenza, and Lassa fever. Additionally, HCID pathways were activated for COVID-19 during the first 3 months of 2020, before the pandemic had been declared and little was known about COVID-19 but HCID status had been assigned temporarily to COVID-19 as a precaution. The HCID program also led to the commissioning of a network of new airborne HCID treatment centers in England, to supplement the existing network of contact HCID treatment centers, which includes the United Kingdom\u2019s only 2 high-level isolation units. In this case study, the authors describe the airborne and contact HCID treatment center networks in England, including their formation and structures, their approach to safe and effective clinical management of patients with HCIDs in the United Kingdom, and challenges they may face going forward.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2023.0167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,30]],"date-time":"2024-08-30T10:50:50Z","timestamp":1725015050000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Clinical Management of Hospitalized Patients With High-Consequence Infectious Diseases in England"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Alejandra","family":"Alonso","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alejandra Alonso, MPH, is a Consultant in Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Infection, Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital; Jonathan Cohen, PhD, is a Consultant in Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Department of Paediatric Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Evelina London Children\u2019s Hospital; Chris Meadows, FRCP, is a Consultant in Intensive Care Medicine and ECMO, Department of Critical Care, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital; and Geraldine O\u2019Hara, PhD, is a Consultant in Infectious Diseases, Department of Infectious Diseases, St Thomas\u2019 Hospital; all with Guy\u2019s and St Thomas\u2019 NHS Foundation Trust, London. Jonathan Cohen is also a Consultant, Department of Women and Children\u2019s Health, and Chris Meadows is also an Honorary Senior Lecturer, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine; both at St Thomas Hospital, Kings College London, London. Joby Cole, PhD, is a Consultant in Infectious Diseases and Acute Medicine, and Anne J. 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