{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T02:10:07Z","timestamp":1792635007987,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,1]],"date-time":"2019-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1575158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Gene Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>There are many kidney diseases that might be addressed by gene therapy. However, gene delivery to kidney cells is inefficient. This is due, in part, to the fact that the kidney excludes molecules above 50\u2009kDa and that most gene delivery vectors are megaDaltons in mass. We compared the ability of adeno-associated virus (AAV), adenovirus (Ad), and lentiviral (LV) vectors to deliver genes to renal cells. When vectors were delivered by the intravenous (IV) route in mice, weak luciferase activity was observed in the kidney with substantially more in the liver. When gene delivery was observed in the kidney, expression was primarily in the glomerulus. To avoid these limitations, vectors were injected directly into the kidney by retrograde ureteral (RU) and subcapsular (SC) injections in mice. Small AAV vectors transduced the kidney, but also leaked from the organ and mediated higher levels of transduction in off-target tissues. Comparison of AAV2, 6.2, 8, and rh10 vectors by direct kidney injection demonstrated highest delivery by AAV6.2 and 8. Larger Ad and LV vectors transduced kidney cells and mediated less off-target tissue transduction. These data demonstrate the utility of direct kidney injections to circumvent the kidney size exclusion barrier. They also identify the effects of vector size on on-target and off-target transduction. This lays the foundation for the use of different vector platforms for gene therapy of diverse kidney diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2019.127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,10,22]],"date-time":"2019-10-22T06:25:21Z","timestamp":1571725521000},"page":"1559-1571","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Comparison of Gene Delivery to the Kidney by Adenovirus, Adeno-Associated Virus, and Lentiviral Vectors After Intravenous and Direct Kidney Injections"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Jeffrey D.","family":"Rubin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Virology and Gene Therapy Graduate Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tien V.","family":"Nguyen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kari L.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katayoun","family":"Ayasoufi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael A.","family":"Barry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota."},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota."},{"name":"Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0158765"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60236-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/157339631002140513101755"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","first-page":"739.e732","volume-title":"Medical Physiology","author":"Boron WF","year":"2017","unstructured":"Boron WF, , Boulpaep EL. 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