{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T04:02:59Z","timestamp":1778126579042,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"19-20","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Gene Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Based on recent success in using modified RNA in clinical applications, we tested the safety, feasibility, and efficacy of direct delivery of citrate-saline-formulated mRNA into an hibernating ischemic heart muscle using an electromechanical mapping and injection catheter system (NOGA\/Myostar) in a porcine chronic myocardial ischemia model. Chronic ischemia was induced in domestic pigs (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200924) using a bottleneck stent placed in the left anterior descending coronary artery. Low (1\u2009mg) and high (7.5\u2009mg) doses of citrate-saline-formulated vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A\n                    <jats:sub>165<\/jats:sub>\n                    mRNA were administered in the study. LacZ mRNA and citrate-saline buffer were used as controls. Ten intramyocardial injections (200\u2009\u03bcL each) of the mRNAs or citrate-saline buffer were given endovascularly into the hibernating ischemic myocardium using the NOGA catheter. Positron emission tomography\n                    <jats:sup>15<\/jats:sup>\n                    O-radiowater imaging was performed 7 days after the induction of ischemia and 28 days after the mRNA delivery to measure quantitative myocardial blood perfusion. Coronary angiography, left ventricular function measurements, and clinical chemistry were obtained at each time point. Thirty-five days after the mRNA transfers, pigs were sacrificed, and infarct size and general histology were analyzed. LacZ mRNA pigs were sacrificed 24\u2009h after the transduction. Citrate-saline-formulated mRNA delivery into the ischemic myocardium with endovascular injection catheter did not lead to meaningful transduction with the translation of VEGF-A\n                    <jats:sub>165<\/jats:sub>\n                    , nor therapeutic effects in the heart. VEGF-A\n                    <jats:sub>165<\/jats:sub>\n                    mRNA showed no statistically significant improvements in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), cardiac output, myocardial perfusion, infarct size, collateral growth, or capillary area in the study groups. However, there was a trend in the high-dose group toward an improved LVEF and cardiac output at rest. No significant adverse effects were observed. In conclusion, the NOGA\/Myostar injection catheter system is ineffective in delivering citrate-saline-formulated mRNAs into the heart muscle with the doses and methods used in a porcine chronic myocardial ischemia model.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2021.149","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,8]],"date-time":"2021-09-08T05:42:15Z","timestamp":1631079735000},"page":"1295-1307","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Citrate-Saline-Formulated mRNA Delivery into the Heart Muscle with an Electromechanical Mapping and Injection Catheter Does Not Lead to Therapeutic Effects in a Porcine Chronic Myocardial Ischemia Model"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"32","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5250-816X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Niko","family":"J\u00e4rvel\u00e4inen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paavo","family":"Halonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jussi","family":"Nurro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Olli-Pekka","family":"H\u00e4tinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henna","family":"Korpela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Petri","family":"M\u00e4kinen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li-Ming","family":"Gan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&amp;D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Fritsche-Danielson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism, BioPharmaceuticals R&amp;D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seppo","family":"Yl\u00e4-Herttuala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland."},{"name":"Heart Center and Gene Therapy Unit, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehz425"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehy394"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","first-page":"1365","article-title":"Angiogenic gene therapy in cardiovascular diseases: dream or vision?","volume":"38","author":"Yl\u00e4-Herttuala S","year":"2017","unstructured":"Yl\u00e4-Herttuala S, , Bridges C, , Katz MG, et al. Angiogenic gene therapy in cardiovascular diseases: dream or vision?. 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