{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T17:58:15Z","timestamp":1791050295464,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"13-14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,1]],"date-time":"2022-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656633600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Human Gene Therapy"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Glucose metabolism in the retina is carefully orchestrated, with glucose being delivered to photoreceptors from the choroidal circulation through the retinal pigmented epithelium (RPE). In photoreceptors, glucose is processed principally by aerobic glycolysis, from which the lactate byproduct is provided to the RPE and M\u00fcller glia for their energetic needs. In this study, we utilize a modified arrestin1 protein to enhance the glycolytic output of lactate from rod photoreceptors through disinhibition of enolase1 activity with the goal being to use this increased lactate production as a gene-agnostic approach to slowing retinal degeneration. Mouse arrestin1 with E362G\/D363G amino acid substitutions (referred to as \u201cArrGG\u201d) was packaged into AAV and tested for safety and for efficacy in increasing retinal lactate production. Overexpression of ArrGG in C57BL\/6J mice did not result in any detectable changes in either electroretinogram (ERG) function or photoreceptor survival as measured by outer nuclear layer (ONL) thickness. However, mouse retinas expressing ArrGG showed a \u223c25% increase in the rate of lactate secretion.<\/jats:p>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Therefore, AAV-ArrGG was delivered intravitreally to heterozygous P23H rhodopsin knockin mice (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      Rho\n                      <jats:sup>P23H\/+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    ) to determine if enhancing glycolysis in photoreceptors can slow retinal degeneration in this animal model of retinitis pigmentosa. We found that the expression of ArrGG in these mice slowed the decline of both scotopic and photopic ERG function. Correspondingly, there was significant preservation of ONL thickness in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\n                      Rho\n                      <jats:sup>P23H\/+<\/jats:sup>\n                    <\/jats:italic>\n                    mice treated with ArrGG compared with controls. In conclusion, our studies show that expressing ArrGG in C57BL\/6J mouse retina results in an increase in lactate production, consistent with an upregulation of glycolysis. In the P23H rhodopsin model of retinitis pigmentosa, the expression of ArrGG led to significant preservation of photoreceptor function and slowing of retinal degeneration. These findings suggest that enhancing glycolysis by targeting increased enolase1 activity with a modified arrestin1 in photoreceptors may offer a therapeutic approach to slowing retinal degeneration.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/hum.2021.272","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T02:59:35Z","timestamp":1643252375000},"page":"695-707","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["A Modified Arrestin1 Increases Lactate Production in the Retina and Slows Retinal Degeneration"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"Tiffany S.","family":"Nelson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiab","family":"Simpson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Dyka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Astra","family":"Dinculescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6644-0231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"W. 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