{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,4]],"date-time":"2026-05-04T15:29:38Z","timestamp":1777908578104,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1363651200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2013,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Predictable delivery of aerosol medication for a given patient and drug-device combination is crucial, both for therapeutic effect and to avoid toxicity. The gold standard for measuring pulmonary drug deposition (PDD) is gamma scintigraphy. However, these techniques expose patients to radiation, are complicated, and are relevant for only one patient and drug-device combination, making them less available. Alternatively,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      experiments have been used as a surrogate to estimate\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      performance, but this is time-consuming and has few \u201c\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      to\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u201d correlations for therapeutics delivered by inhalation. An alternative method for determining inhaled mass and PDD is proposed by deriving and validating a mathematical model, for the individual breathing patterns of normal subjects and drug-device operating parameters. This model was evaluated for patients with cystic fibrosis (CF).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study is comprised of three stages: mathematical model derivation,\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      testing, and\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      validation. The model was derived from an idealized patient's respiration cycle and the steady-state operating characteristics of a drug-device combination. The model was tested under\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      dynamic conditions that varied tidal volume, inspiration-to-expiration time, and breaths per minute. This approach was then extended to incorporate additional physiological parameters (dead space, aerodynamic particle size distribution) and validated against\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      nuclear medicine data in predicting PDD in both normal subjects and those with CF.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The model shows strong agreement with\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      testing.\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      testing with normal subjects yielded good agreement, but less agreement for patients with chronic obstructive lung disease and bronchiectasis from CF.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The mathematical model was successful in accommodating a wide range of breathing patterns and drug-device combinations. Furthermore, the model has demonstrated its effectiveness in predicting the amount of aerosol delivered to \u201cnormal\u201d subjects. However, challenges remain in predicting deposition in obstructive lung disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2012.0984","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]],"date-time":"2013-03-19T13:20:11Z","timestamp":1363699211000},"page":"387-396","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Modeling Breath-Enhanced Jet Nebulizers to Estimate Pulmonary Drug Deposition"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"26","author":[{"given":"Wallace B.","family":"Wee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kitty","family":"Leung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allan L.","family":"Coates","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]},{"name":"University of Toronto","place":["Canada"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.126.5.1619"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/08942680152744677"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.1999.12.265"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2005.18.427"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ppul.20850"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2007.0620"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.119.1.250"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199306173282403"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.122.1.219"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200608-1238OC"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00595919"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00498257309151506"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.4.951"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.1998.11.89"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.111.1.204"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2000.13.303"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2006.19.409"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-5173(94)00255-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2000.13.169"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7216-3695-5.50008-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(86)90837-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_23_2","first-page":"693","article-title":"Pulmonary function tests in fifty patients with bronchiectasis","volume":"53","author":"Cherniack N","year":"1959","unstructured":"Cherniack N, , Vosti KL, , Saxton GA, , Lepper MH, , Dowling HF. 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