{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T23:09:12Z","timestamp":1790204952083,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1362441600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Previous studies showed nasal spray\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      tests cannot predict\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      deposition, pharmacokinetics, or pharmacodynamics. This challenge makes it difficult to assess deposition achieved with new technologies delivering to the therapeutically beneficial posterior nasal cavity. In this study, we determined best parameters for using a regionally divided nasal cast to predict deposition. Our study used a model suspension and a design of experiments to produce repeatable deposition results that mimic nasal deposition patterns of nasal suspensions from the literature.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The seven-section (the nozzle locator, nasal vestibule, front turbinate, rear turbinate, olfactory region, nasopharynx, and throat filter) nylon nasal cast was based on computed tomography images of healthy humans. It was coated with a glycerol\/Brij-35 solution to mimic mucus. After assembling and orienting, airflow was applied and nasal spray containing a model suspension was sprayed. After disassembling the cast, drug depositing in each section was assayed by HPLC. The success criteria for optimal settings were based on nine\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies in the literature. The design of experiments included exploratory and half factorial screening experiments to identify variables affecting deposition (angles, airflow, and airflow time), optimization experiments, and then repeatability and reproducibility experiments.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found tilt angle and airflow time after actuation affected deposition the most. The optimized settings were flow rate of 16 L\/min, postactuation flow time of 12\u2009sec, a tilt angle of 23\u00b0, nozzle angles of 0\u00b0, and actuation speed of 5\u2009cm\/sec. Neither cast nor operator caused significant variation of results.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We determined cast parameters to produce results resembling suspension nasal sprays in the literature. The results were repeatable and unaffected by operator or cast. These nasal spray parameters could be used to assess deposition from new devices or formulations. For human deposition studies using radiolabeled formulations, this cast could show that radiolabel deposition represents drug deposition. Our methods could also be used to optimize settings for other casts.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2012.1011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]],"date-time":"2013-03-05T13:57:37Z","timestamp":1362491857000},"page":"21-29","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["Design of Experiments to Optimize an\n                    <i>In Vitro<\/i>\n                    Cast to Predict Human Nasal Drug Deposition"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"27","author":[{"given":"Samir A.","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Labs"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colin J.","family":"Dickens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bespak Europe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David J.","family":"Ward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bespak Europe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna A.","family":"Banaszek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bespak Europe"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"George","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Labs"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walter","family":"Horodnik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Merck Research Labs"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2013,3,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jam.2007.0569"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","first-page":"30","article-title":"Sniffing out new sources of growth","volume":"6","author":"Ruppar D","year":"2006","unstructured":"Ruppar D: Sniffing out new sources of growth. 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