{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T03:16:12Z","timestamp":1787886972192,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]],"date-time":"2021-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1630454400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The precaution of airborne transmission of viruses, such as influenza, SARS, MERS, and COVID-19, is essential for reducing infection. In this study, we applied a zero-valent nanosilver\/titania-chitosan (nano-Ag\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -CS) filter bed, whose broad-spectrum antimicrobial efficacy has been proven previously, for the removal of viral aerosols to minimize the risk of airborne transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The photochemical deposition method was used to synthesize the nano-Ag\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -CS antiviral material. The surface morphology, elemental composition, and microstructure of the nano-Ag\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -CS were analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy\/energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and a transmission electron microscopy, respectively. The MS2 bacteriophages were used as surrogate viral aerosols. The antiviral efficacy of nano-Ag\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -CS was evaluated by the MS2 plaque reduction assay (PRA) and filtration experiments. In the filtration experiments, the MS2 aerosols passed through the nano-Ag\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -CS filter, and the MS2 aerosol removal efficiency was evaluated by an optical particle counter and culture method.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results and Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In the MS2 PRA, 3\u2009g of nano-Ag\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -CS inactivated 97% of MS2 bacteriophages in 20\u2009mL liquid culture (2\u2009\u00b1\u20090.5\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>16<\/jats:sup>\n                      PFU\/mL) within 2 hours. The removal efficiency of nano-Ag\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -CS filter (thickness: 6\u2009cm) for MS2 aerosols reached up to 93%. Over 95% of MS2 bacteriophages on the surface of the nano-Ag\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -CS filter were inactivated within 20 minutes. The Wells\u2013Riley model predicted that when the nano-Ag\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -CS filter was used in the ventilation system, airborne infection probability would reduce from 99% to 34.6%. The nano-Ag\n                      <jats:sup>0<\/jats:sup>\n                      \/TiO\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      -CS filter could remain at 50% of its original antiviral efficiency after continuous operation for 1 week, indicating its feasibility for the control of the airborne transmission.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2020.1607","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,24]],"date-time":"2021-03-24T17:21:18Z","timestamp":1616606478000},"page":"293-302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Effectiveness of the Nanosilver\/TiO\n                    <sub>2<\/sub>\n                    -Chitosan Antiviral Filter on the Removal of Viral Aerosols"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"34","author":[{"given":"I-Jen","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)."},{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Hospital, Ministry of Health and Welfare, New Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)."},{"name":"School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan."},{"name":"College of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan."},{"name":"National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yen-Chi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chien","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming-Hsuan","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wan-Tien","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun-Hsuan","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kuo-Pin","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei City, Taiwan (ROC)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,9,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032867"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciw239"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.0757"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112781"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1213362"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a112560"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.75.4.676"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1985.03350350068022"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-014-0073-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_2","first-page":"677","article-title":"Investigation of airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission during low-wind conditions in the early phase of the UK 2001 epidemic","volume":"3","author":"Mikkelsen T","year":"2003","unstructured":"Mikkelsen T, , Alexandersen S, , Astrup P, , Donaldson A, , Dunkerley F, , Gloster J, , Champion H, , S\u00f8rensen J, , and Thykier-Nielsen S: Investigation of airborne foot-and-mouth disease virus transmission during low-wind conditions in the early phase of the UK 2001 epidemic. 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