{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T04:04:17Z","timestamp":1790827457771,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>National and international guidelines recommend droplet\/airborne transmission and contact precautions for those caring for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients in ambulatory and acute care settings. The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus, an acute respiratory infectious agent, is primarily transmitted between people through respiratory droplets and contact routes. A recognized key to transmission of COVID-19, and droplet infections generally, is the dispersion of bioaerosols from the patient. Increased risk of transmission has been associated with aerosol generating procedures that include endotracheal intubation, bronchoscopy, open suctioning, administration of nebulized treatment, manual ventilation before intubation, turning the patient to the prone position, disconnecting the patient from the ventilator, noninvasive positive-pressure ventilation, tracheostomy, and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The knowledge that COVID-19 subjects can be asymptomatic and still shed virus, producing infectious droplets during breathing, suggests that health care workers (HCWs) should assume every patient is potentially infectious during this pandemic. Taking actions to reduce risk of transmission to HCWs is, therefore, a vital consideration for safe delivery of all medical aerosols. Guidelines for use of personal protective equipment (glove, gowns, masks, shield, and\/or powered air purifying respiratory) during high-risk procedures are essential and should be considered for use with lower risk procedures such as administration of uncontaminated medical aerosols. Bioaerosols generated by infected patients are a major source of transmission for SARS CoV-2, and other infectious agents. In contrast, therapeutic aerosols do not add to the risk of disease transmission unless contaminated by patients or HCWs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2020.1615","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,12]],"date-time":"2020-08-12T15:26:20Z","timestamp":1597245980000},"page":"300-304","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":100,"title":["Reducing Aerosol-Related Risk of Transmission in the Era of COVID-19: An Interim Guidance Endorsed by the International Society of Aerosols in Medicine"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"33","author":[{"given":"James B.","family":"Fink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerogen Pharma Corp., San Mateo, California, USA."},{"name":"Division of Respiratory Care, Department of Cardiopulmonary Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephan","family":"Ehrmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CHRU Tours, M\u00e9decine Intensive R\u00e9animation, CIC INSERM 1415, CRICS-TriggerSep Research Network, Tours, France."},{"name":"INSERM, Centre d'\u00e9tude des Pathologies Respiratoires, U1100, Universit\u00e9 de Tours, Tours, France."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respiratory Care, Department of Cardiopulmonary Sciences, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patricia","family":"Dailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerogen Limited, Galway, Ireland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"McKiernan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerogen Limited, Galway, Ireland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chantal","family":"Darquenne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, California, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Rothen-Rutishauser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philip J.","family":"Kuehl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabine","family":"H\u00e4ussermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"VisionHealth GmbH, Garching Forschungszentrum, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronan","family":"MacLoughlin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Aerogen Limited, Galway, Ireland."},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, Royal College of Surgeons, Dublin, Ireland."},{"name":"School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald C.","family":"Smaldone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Muellinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vectura GmbH, Gauting, Germany."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy E.","family":"Corcoran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rajiv","family":"Dhand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","unstructured":"WHO. 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