{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T22:30:26Z","timestamp":1780612226263,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]],"date-time":"2022-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643673600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Respiratory infection is common in intubated\/tracheotomized patients and systemic antibiotic therapy is often unrewarding. In 1967, the difficulty in treating Gram-negative respiratory infections led to the use of inhaled gentamicin, targeting therapy directly to the lungs. Fifty-three years later, the effects of topical therapy in the intubated patient remain undefined. Clinical failures with intravenous antibiotics persist and instrumented patients are now infected by many more multidrug-resistant Gram-negative species as well as methicillin-resistant\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Multiple systematic reviews and meta-analyses suggest that there may be a role for inhaled delivery but \u201cmore research is needed.\u201d Yet there is still no Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved inhaled antibiotic for the treatment of ventilator-associated infection, the hallmark of which is the foreign body in the upper airway. Current pulmonary and infectious disease guidelines suggest using aerosols only in the setting of Gram-negative infections that are resistant to all systemic antibiotics or not to use them at all. Recently two seemingly well-designed large randomized placebo-controlled Phase 2 and Phase 3 clinical trials of adjunctive inhaled therapy for the treatment of ventilator-associated pneumonia failed to show more rapid resolution of pneumonia symptoms or effect on mortality. Despite evolving technology of delivery devices and more detailed understanding of the factors affecting delivery, treatment effects were no better than placebo. What is wrong with our approach to ventilator- associated infection? Is there a message from the large meta-analyses and these two large recent multisite trials? This review will suggest why current therapies are unpredictable and have not fulfilled the promise of better outcomes. Data suggest that future studies of inhaled therapy, in the milieu of worsening bacterial resistance, require new approaches with completely different indications and endpoints to determine whether inhaled therapy indeed has an important role in the treatment of ventilated patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2021.0023","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,31]],"date-time":"2022-01-31T11:02:12Z","timestamp":1643626932000},"page":"11-24","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["The Unfulfilled Promise of Inhaled Therapy in Ventilator-Associated Infections: Where Do We Go from Here?"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1835-968X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucy B.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3798-4942","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerald C.","family":"Smaldone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Division, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-015-0868-y"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000000771"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12890-016-0202-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2106-x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.11.026"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30574-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2016.11.034"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-2205-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-018-1958-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13613-017-0301-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2019.00099"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.102.5_Supplement_1.557S"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.113.2.412"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-132-8-200004180-00004"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_2","first-page":"1353","article-title":"Stable patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation have a high alveolar burden of bacteria","volume":"127","author":"Baram D","year":"2005","unstructured":"Baram D, , Hulse G, , and Palmer LB: Stable patients receiving prolonged mechanical ventilation have a high alveolar burden of bacteria. 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