{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T22:16:07Z","timestamp":1782166567135,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":13,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]],"date-time":"2025-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1738368000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It remains challenging to quantify lung pharmacokinetics (PK) of a drug administered and targeted to act in the lung. Exhaled breath particles (PEx), which are generated when collapsed distal airways reopen during inhalation, offer a noninvasive way to access undiluted epithelial lining fluid (ELF). Therefore, it was the aim of this study to investigate whether PK data can be derived from PEx.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Six healthy volunteers received either an inhaled dose (400 \u00b5g) or an oral dose (8 mg) of salbutamol in a randomized, crossover design with 7-day washout between treatments. PEx were collected before and at nine time points after dosing (0\u2013315 minutes [min]). Following each 15 min PEx sampling period, nasosorption and plasma samples were collected. Salbutamol was quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>After oral delivery and inhalation, salbutamol PK profiles could be obtained for plasma and nasal samples. In PEx samples, a PK profile could be obtained in 5 of 6 participants after inhalation, but the salbutamol concentration was often at or below detection limit after oral intake. After inhaled administration we found higher salbutamol concentrations in PEx as compared with nasal and plasma samples.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides proof of principle that PEx samples can be used to quantify drug levels in ELF.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2024.0032","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,5]],"date-time":"2024-12-05T12:25:03Z","timestamp":1733401503000},"page":"13-17","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Assessing Human Lung Pharmacokinetics Using Exhaled Breath Particles"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"given":"O.","family":"Holz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover (Germany)."},{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DZL-BREATH), Hannover (Germany)."},{"name":"Hannover Medical School, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Hannover (Germany)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.W.","family":"Sadiq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Safety Sciences, R&amp;D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C.","family":"Gress","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover (Germany)."},{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DZL-BREATH), Hannover (Germany)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3403-1636","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"N.","family":"Stru\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover (Germany)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.","family":"Stomilovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Safety Sciences, R&amp;D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.","family":"Lundqvist","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Quantitative Pharmacology, Clinical Pharmacology &amp; Safety Sciences, R&amp;D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2646-6186","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J.M.","family":"Hohlfeld","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Hannover (Germany)."},{"name":"German Center for Lung Research (DZL-BREATH), Hannover (Germany)."},{"name":"Hannover Medical School, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Infectious Disease, Hannover (Germany)."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15621"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00873.2009"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","first-page":"1","article-title":"The physics of respiratory particle generation, fate in the air, and inhalation","author":"Morawska L","year":"2022","unstructured":"Morawska L, , Buonanno G, , Mikszewski A, et al. The physics of respiratory particle generation, fate in the air, and inhalation. Nat Rev Phys, 2022: 1\u201312; doi: 10.1038\/s42254-022-00506-7","journal-title":"Nat Rev Phys"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2009.0809"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","first-page":"25","article-title":"Guidelines for measurement of acellular components and recommendations for standardization of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL)","author":"Haslam PL","year":"1999","unstructured":"Haslam PL, and Baughman RP. Guidelines for measurement of acellular components and recommendations for standardization of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). 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