{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T17:08:37Z","timestamp":1784912917821,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Aerosol Medicine and Pulmonary Drug Delivery"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Extrathoracic deposition is a large source of\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      variability in dosing for pressurized metered dose inhaler (pMDI) aerosols. A majority of previous studies have focused on only total extrathoracic deposition for pMDIs. The present work evaluates regional deposition within the extrathoracic region to better understand the impact of actuator orifice diameter and inhalation flow rate on extrathoracic deposition of a suspension pMDI formulation of epinephrine.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Regional deposition of a commercially available HFA (hydrofluoroalkane) suspension pMDI formulation of epinephrine was evaluated using plastic and metal versions of the newly developed sectioned Alberta Idealized Throat (s-AIT), divided into analogs of the oral cavity, the pharynx\/larynx, and the upper trachea. Influences of actuator orifice diameter and inhaler insertion angle on regional extrathoracic deposition were evaluated in the plastic s-AIT at a 30 L\/min flow rate, followed by additional testing in the metal s-AIT to evaluate effects across a range of flow rates (from 10 to 100 L\/min).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Actuator orifice was found to strongly influence regional extrathoracic deposition of a commercially available epinephrine HFA suspension pMDI aerosol, with smaller actuator orifices yielding reduced oral cavity deposition and increased distal-filter (\n                      <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      lung) deposition in both the plastic and metal s-AIT. Inhalation flow rate was found to strongly influence deposition in the metal s-AIT, with higher flow rates associated with reduced oral cavity deposition, increased pharynx\/larynx deposition, and increased upper trachea deposition. Smaller orifices showed less variability in results as a function of inhaler insertion angle.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions:<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Actuator orifice diameter (spanning 0.22\u20130.42 mm) can strongly influence regional deposition of an HFA epinephrine suspension pMDI aerosol within the extrathoracic region. Smaller actuator orifices may provide reduced oral cavity deposition and increased delivery to the lungs. Smaller actuator orifices may also reduce variability in extrathoracic deposition that is associated with patient use aspects such as inhaler insertion angle.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2024.0039","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T05:14:31Z","timestamp":1745212471000},"page":"106-117","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["The Influence of Pressurized Metered Dose Inhaler Actuator Orifice Diameter on Regional Extrathoracic Deposition of Inhaled Epinephrine"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"38","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5055-551X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Conor A.","family":"Ruzycki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."},{"name":"Lovelace Biomedical, Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Scott","family":"Tavernini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Luciuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kokua Pharma Inc, Richmond, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin W.","family":"Stapleton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kokua Pharma Inc, Richmond, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Warren H.","family":"Finlay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew R.","family":"Martin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jamp.2016.1297"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-017-2098-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1517\/17425247.2015.984683"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-5173(99)00133-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11095-006-0280-z"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/03639040600637598"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_2","first-page":"101","article-title":"New actuators versus old: Reasons and results for actuator modifications for HFA solution MDIs","author":"Lewis DA","year":"2006","unstructured":"Lewis DA, , Meakin BJ, , Brambilla G. 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