{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,3]],"date-time":"2026-05-03T11:01:38Z","timestamp":1777806098863,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J Correct Health Care"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In an effort to mitigate the elevated rates of sexual abuse reported by transgender adults incarcerated in state prisons, Washington State Department of Corrections has implemented policies that prioritize gender self-identification over birth-registered sex when making housing decisions. This has resulted in the transfer of males to the Washington Corrections Center for Women along with reports of negative impacts on incarcerated females. Any policy problem of unknown magnitude requires formal data collection and analysis. Washington State law, including one known as House Bill\n                    <jats:xref ref-type=\"bibr\">1956<\/jats:xref>\n                    , obstructs this process by preventing public access to information needed to evaluate the outcomes of incarcerated males and females of diverse gender identities. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention has issued steps to ensure a fair and transparent policy process. To understand population-specific outcomes after a policy\u2019s implementation, health authorities recommend that demographics inclusive of sex and gender be collected, analyzed, and made available to stakeholders. Recommendations to balance the safety of vulnerable groups in Washington State detention facilities may require the expertise of a dedicated policy organization to navigate the legal and ethical challenges introduced by the law.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jchc.24.10.0083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,15]],"date-time":"2025-05-15T13:16:06Z","timestamp":1747314966000},"page":"138-143","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Impacts of Gender Self-Identification on Incarcerated Females: How Washington State Law Widens a Knowledge Gap"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-0616-3024","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lauren C.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Alden March Bioethics Institute, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","unstructured":"American Civil Liberties Union. (n.d). The rights of transgender individuals in jails and prisons. https:\/\/www.aclu-wa.org\/pages\/rights-transgender-individuals-jails-and-prisons"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_3_1","unstructured":"Beck A. (2014). Sexual victimization in prisons and jails reported by inmates 2011\u201312. Supplemental tables: Prevalence of sexual victimization among transgender adult inmates. Bureau of Justice Statistics. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/svpjri1112_st.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_4_1","unstructured":"Beck A. Berzofsky M. Caspar R. & Krebs C. (2013). Sexual victimization in prisons and jails reported by inmates 2011\u201312: National inmate survey 2011\u201312. Bureau of Justice Statistics. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/svpjri1112.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_5_1","unstructured":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Office of the Associate Director for Policy. (2014). Using evaluation to inform CDC\u2019s policy process. https:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/25337"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_6_1","unstructured":"Chandler v. Macomber Case No. 1:21-cv-01657-JLT-HBK. (2024). https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5f232ea74d8342386a7ebc52\/t\/669bdcca2c96eb4538e77fe0\/1721490645800\/20240719_Doc_84_Amended_Complaint.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_7_1","unstructured":"Cooper G. R. Belair R. R. Hill C. & Phillips P. C. (1979. Privacy and security of criminal history information: Privacy and the media. Bureau of Justice Statistics. https:\/\/bjs.ojp.gov\/content\/pub\/pdf\/pschipm.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_8_1","unstructured":"Cotton J. (2021 March 10). All WCCW staff re: Transgender individuals at WCCW [Memo to staff]. https:\/\/www.seattlepride.org\/web\/app\/templates\/assets\/image\/WCCW-Staff-Transgender-memo-March-2021.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_9_1","unstructured":"Definitions. (1949 & rev. 2024). Wash. Rev. Code \u00a7 49.60.040. https:\/\/apps.leg.wa.gov\/rcw\/default.aspx?cite=49.60&full=true#49.60.040"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_10_1","unstructured":"Department of Corrections and Private Detention Facilities. (2022 & rev. 2023). Wash. Rev. Code \u00a7 42.56.475. https:\/\/app.leg.wa.gov\/RCW\/default.aspx?cite=42.56.475"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_11_1","unstructured":"Downey C. (2021 December 29). Biological males have repeatedly sexually assaulted females in Washington women\u2019s prison former inmate claims. National Review. https:\/\/www.nationalreview.com\/news\/biological-males-have-repeatedly-sexually-assaulted-females-in-washington-womens-prison-former-inmate-claims"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_12_1","unstructured":"Downey C. (2024a August 24). Male child molester housed in women\u2019s prison under investigation for sexually harassing female cellmate. 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Geneva Convention: Relative to the treatment of prisoners of war of 12 August 1949. (entered into force 21 October 1950). https:\/\/ihl-databases.icrc.org\/assets\/treaties\/375-GC-III-EN.002.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_16_1","unstructured":"Glorioso C. & Sola K. (2024). Man posing as transgender woman raped female prisoner at Rikers lawsuit says. NBC New York. https:\/\/www.nbcnewyork.com\/investigations\/man-posing-as-transgender-woman-raped-female-prisoner-at-rikers-lawsuit-says\/5067904\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128701047004002"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_18_1","unstructured":"H.B. 1956 67th Leg. Reg. Sess. (Wash. 2022). https:\/\/lawfilesext.leg.wa.gov\/biennium\/2021-22\/Pdf\/Bills\/House%20Passed%20Legislature\/1956-S.PL.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_19_1","unstructured":"John Doe 1 v. Washington State Department of Corrections Case No. 4:21-CV-05059-TOR. (2021). https:\/\/static1.squarespace.com\/static\/5f232ea74d8342386a7ebc52\/t\/6079c69dfec7a835f3842c95\/1618593447925\/7\u00b1Pltffs\u00b1Mtn\u00b1for\u00b1PI-compressed.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_20_1","unstructured":"Lobos I. (1995). Edmonds man pleads guilty to child rape \u2013 faces up to 30 years in prison. Seattle Times. https:\/\/archive.seattletimes.com\/archive\/?date=19950811&slug=2135987"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13178-018-0354-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_22_1","unstructured":"Masterson M. (2020). Lawsuit: Female prisoner says she was raped by transgender inmate. WTTW News. https:\/\/news.wttw.com\/2020\/02\/19\/lawsuit-female-prisoner-says-she-was-raped-transgender-inmate"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_23_1","unstructured":"Mew A. (2024). Crystal\u2019s story. Female inmate says Washington\u2019s trans prison policy has robbed her of her religious freedom.\u00a0Independent Women\u2019s Forum. https:\/\/www.iwfeatures.com\/documentary\/crystals-story-female-inmate-says-washingtons-trans-prison-policy-has-robbed-her-of-her-religious-freedom\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_24_1","unstructured":"Mitchell v. New Jersey Department of Corrections Case No. HNT-L-000372-24. (2024). https:\/\/newjerseymonitor.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/09\/DOC-lawsuit-8_26_2024.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_25_1","unstructured":"Monson D. (2021. March 8). 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Consideration of sex as a biological variable in NIH-funded research. https:\/\/orwh.od.nih.gov\/sites\/orwh\/files\/docs\/NOT-OD-15-102_Guidance_508.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_29_1","unstructured":"Prison Legal News. (2012). Philadelphia women prisoners sue for being housed with a man. https:\/\/www.prisonlegalnews.org\/news\/2012\/dec\/15\/philadelphia-women-prisoners-sue-for-being-housed-with-a-man\/"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1170945"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_31_1","unstructured":"Restricted unrestricted information\u2014Records Wash. Rev. Code \u00a7 10.97.050. (1977 & rev. 2024). https:\/\/app.leg.wa.gov\/RCW\/default.aspx?cite=10.97.050"},{"key":"e_1_3_4_32_1","unstructured":"Richardson V. (2022). Bill to limit disclosure on trans inmates spurs fears about female safety in Washington State. 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