{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T18:53:41Z","timestamp":1791658421573,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]],"date-time":"2015-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1446336000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Interferon &amp; Cytokine Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cytokines are signaling biomolecules that serve as key regulators of our immune system. CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T-cells can be grouped into 2 major categories based on their cytokine profile: T-helper 1 (T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1) subset and T-helper 2 (T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    2) subset. Protective immunity against HIV infection requires T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1-directed CD4 T-cell responses, mediated by cytokines, such as interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2), IL-12, interferon-\u03b3 (IFN-\u03b3), and tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1). Cytokines released by the T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1 subset of CD4 T-cells are considered important for mediating effective immune responses against intracellular pathogens such as\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tb)<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Oxidative stress and redox imbalance that occur during HIV infection often lead to inappropriate immune responses. Glutathione (GSH) is an antioxidant present in nearly all cells and is recognized for its function in maintaining redox homeostasis. Our laboratory previously reported that individuals with HIV infection have lower levels of GSH. In this study, we report a link between lower levels of GSH and dysregulation of T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1- and T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    2-associated cytokines in the plasma samples of HIV-positive subjects. Furthermore, we demonstrate that supplementing individuals with HIV infection for 13 weeks with liposomal GSH (lGSH) resulted in a significant increase in the levels of T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1 cytokines, IL-1\u03b2, IL-12, IFN-\u03b3, and TNF-\u03b1. lGSH supplementation in individuals with HIV infection also resulted in a substantial decrease in the levels of free radicals and immunosuppressive cytokines, IL-10 and TGF-\u03b2, relative to those in a placebo-controlled cohort. Finally, we determined the effects of lGSH supplementation in improving the functions of immune cells to control\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection by conducting\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    assays using peripheral blood mononuclear cells collected from HIV-positive individuals at post-GSH supplementation. Our studies establish a correlation between low levels of GSH and increased susceptibility to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">M. tb<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection through T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    2-directed response, which may be relieved with lGSH supplementation enhancing the T\n                    <jats:sub>H<\/jats:sub>\n                    1 response.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2014.0210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,7,2]],"date-time":"2015-07-02T15:13:00Z","timestamp":1435849980000},"page":"875-887","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":71,"title":["Liposomal Glutathione Supplementation Restores T\n                    <sub>H<\/sub>\n                    1 Cytokine Response to\n                    <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/i>\n                    Infection in HIV-Infected Individuals"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"35","author":[{"given":"Judy","family":"Ly","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"},{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minette","family":"Lagman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"},{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tommy","family":"Saing","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manpreet Kaur","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"},{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique Vera","family":"Tudela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"},{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Devin","family":"Morris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Daliva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cesar","family":"Ochoa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Diabetes Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nishita","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western Diabetes Institute"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pearce","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Loma Linda University"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vishwanath","family":"Venketaraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"},{"name":"Western University of Health Sciences"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ASN.0000077408.15865.06"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.168.5.2247"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2249.2011.04552.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0028378"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.5.1967"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.163.5.1037"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.16.1.137"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1993.tb35912.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/736837"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-07-230631"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/402827"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/734125"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2012.0103"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2012.10.012"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2014.00073"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/959650"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/35073639"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_19_1","first-page":"319","article-title":"CD4\/CD8 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CD4\/CD8 lymphocyte counts in healthy, HIV-positive individuals & AIDS patients. Indian J Med Res, 124:319\u2013330.","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1081-1206(10)62426-X"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0952-7915(97)80154-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Venketaraman V Morris D Donohou C Sipin A Kung S et al. 2011. Role of Cytokines and Chemokines in HIV Infection HIV and AIDS - Updates on Biology Immunology Epidemiology and Treatment Strategies Dumais NancyDr. (Ed.).","DOI":"10.5772\/20322"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_3_3_23_1","first-page":"1003","article-title":"Cytokine levels in plasma samples of individuals with HIV infection","volume":"1","author":"Vera Tudela E","year":"2014","unstructured":"Vera Tudela E, , Singh Manpreet Kaur, , Lagman Minette, , Ly Judy, , Patel Nishita, , Ochoa Cesar, , Venketaraman Vishwanath. 2014. 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