{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T06:10:08Z","timestamp":1777702208818,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,1]],"date-time":"2020-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1596240000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Interferon &amp; Cytokine Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    This study explored the triggering mechanism of interstitial lung disease (ILD). We established the effects of immunogenic and neurogenic calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) imbalance on the regulation of aquaporin 5 (AQP5) expression and the repair responses that promote the transition from alveolar epithelial cell (AEC) apoptosis to pulmonary fibrosis. Newly diagnosed ILD patients (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200960) were enrolled, whose serological levels of \u03b2-CGRP, \u03b1-CGRP, AQP5, receptor activity modifying protein 1, and receptor component protein were detected by ELISA. Th1 and Th2 cytokines and CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cells were measured by flow cytometry method.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , bleomycin (BLM) was set for modeling pulmonary fibrosis. A\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CALCA<\/jats:italic>\n                    -HET model was set as a chronic pulmonary fibrosis model. Hematoxylin\u2013eosin, immunohistochemistry, and Masson's trichrome staining were performed to assess the role of apoptosis in the injured lung. The concentrations of cytokines were determined by cytokine antibody arrays. Abnormal activation of serological CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T lymphocytes and predominant Th2 response was established in the patients with ILD. Moreover, the ratio of \u03b2-CGRP\/\u03b1-CGRP positively correlated with the increased level of AQP5 in patients with ILD.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a significant increase of AQP5 and \u03b2-CGRP at the chronic stage of pulmonary fibrosis was induced by BLM in the mice model, whereas the expression of AQP5 protein was generally lower in the acute alveolitis phase. Moreover, the levels of AQP5 and \u03b1-CGRP in the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CALCA<\/jats:italic>\n                    -HET rats were lower than those of the normal saline group. The high ratio \u03b2-CGRP\/\u03b1-CGRP enhanced the expression of AQP5, inhibited transforming growth factor-\u03b21 (TGF\u03b21)\/P-Smad1\/Smad4 pathway, and upregulated the NRF2 signal, whereas the apoptosis of AECs was significantly reduced in late-stage pulmonary fibrosis. The imbalance of \u03b2-CGRP\/\u03b1-CGRP may be associated with the predominance of Th2 response and participate in the process of AEC apoptosis in lung fibrosis. The high ratio of \u03b2-CGRP\/\u03b1-CGRP may elevate the level of AQP5 through inactivation of the TGF-\u03b21\/smad1 signaling pathway and upregulation of the Nrf2 signaling in the chronic stage of pulmonary fibrosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2019.0184","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,3]],"date-time":"2020-08-03T23:43:52Z","timestamp":1596498232000},"page":"377-388","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Maladjustment of \u03b2-CGRP\/\u03b1-CGRP Regulation of AQP5 Promotes Transition of Alveolar Epithelial Cell Apoptosis to Pulmonary Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Xiaoting","family":"Lv","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Research Laboratory of the Respiratory System Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shuyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaohui","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Skill Training Center, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fadian","family":"Ding","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery and Institute of Abdominal Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jingwen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qingquan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medical Technology and Engineering, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qicai","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Medicine Centre, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"11","key":"e_1_3_4_2_1","first-page":"C987","article-title":"Cellular mechanisms of tissue fibrosis","volume":"306","author":"Barkauskas CE","year":"2014","unstructured":"Barkauskas CE, , Noble PW. 2014. 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