{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T19:22:03Z","timestamp":1790277723984,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Interferon &amp; Cytokine Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Secretory\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">otitis media<\/jats:italic>\n                    (SOM) is characterized by persistence of fluid in the middle ear, often following an episode of acute\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">otitis media<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our hypothesis is that failure to eliminate bacterial or viral pathogens may result in persistent low-grade inflammation. In this study, we analyzed inflammatory mediators in middle ear fluids from 67 children with SOM. This was combined with determinations of viable bacteria by culture along with detection of bacterial and viral genetic material by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The inflammatory mediators found at the highest concentrations (&gt;30\u2009ng\/mL) were stem cell growth factor-\u03b2 (median 110\u2009ng\/mL), CXCL1, IL-16, IL-8, migration inhibitory factor, CXCL10, and CXCL9. Among bacterial pathogens,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Moraxella catarrhalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Haemophilus influenzae<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominated, regardless of detection methods, while rhinovirus dominated among viral pathogens. Middle ear fluid levels of interleukin (IL)-1\u03b1, IL-17, IL-1\u03b2, fibroblast growth factor basic, and tumor necrosis factor correlated strongly with presence of bacteria detected either by culture or PCR, while IL-1RA, IL-3, IL-6, IL-8, CCL3, CCL4, and granulocyte-colony stimulating factor correlated significantly with real-time PCR values. CXCL10, CXCL9, CCL2, and TRAIL correlated significantly with viral nucleic acid levels. To conclude, persistence of viral and bacterial pathogens may fuel persistent inflammation in SOM. Bacteria caused a broad inflammatory response, while viruses chiefly elicited the interferon-induced chemokines CXCL9 and CXCL10.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2020.0075","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,18]],"date-time":"2020-12-18T15:54:50Z","timestamp":1608306890000},"page":"555-569","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Inflammatory Mediator Profiles in Secretory\n                    <i>Otitis Media<\/i>\n                    in Relationship to Viable Bacterial Pathogens and Bacterial and Viral Nucleic Acids"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"40","author":[{"given":"Susann","family":"Skovbjerg","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristian","family":"Roos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ENT Department, Capio Lundby Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Andersson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hardis","family":"Rabe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Staffan","family":"Nilsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"name":"Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnus","family":"Lindh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnes E.","family":"Wold","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden."},{"name":"Department of Clinical Microbiology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/00365548.2014.951681"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-018-3261-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2008.08.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2019.01327"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-3038.2006.00448.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmii.2013.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/528685"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","first-page":"S98","article-title":"Serum levels, tissue expression and cellular secretion of macrophage migration inhibitory factor in limited and diffuse systemic sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Corallo C","year":"2015","unstructured":"Corallo C, , Paulesu L, , Cutolo M, , Ietta F, , Carotenuto C, , Mannelli C, , Romagnoli R, , Nuti R, , Giordano N. 2015. 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