{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,27]],"date-time":"2026-05-27T15:24:21Z","timestamp":1779895461141,"version":"3.53.1"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,1]],"date-time":"2023-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680307200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Interferon &amp; Cytokine Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Cytokine storm refers to the overproduction of immune and inflammatory cells and their proteins (cytokines) [interleukin (IL)-1 and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ] causing acute respiratory distress syndrome in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    causes inflammatory reactions, and patients with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    had categorized as mild, severe, and critical after reviewing previous studies. Then, it is crucial to find immune-inflammatory indicators that might predict the disorder severity and the prognosis primarily for guiding medical therapy in the face of this unexpectedly developing unique infectious disease. Higher levels of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels might be seen in patients with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    at each stage. In addition,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -induced\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    assists in the synthesis of liver C-reactive protein (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CRP<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in acute phase responses. Recent studies suggested that\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    levels are an independent predictor of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    illness because they were significantly higher in patients with severe than with mild\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    symptoms. Anakinra and tocilizumab (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TCZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) are beneficial in lowing mortality in\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    patients; however, information on their safety and efficacy is scarce. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of inflammatory cytokines (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) as potential biomarkers in the different stages (mild, severe, and critical) of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A systematic search during the years 2021\u20132022 using the keywords\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-6<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IL-1<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">CRP<\/jats:italic>\n                    , mild stage, severe stage, critical stage, cytokine storm, tocilizumab, and anakinra was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. This study reviews studies that have investigated the role of high levels of these cytokines in the severity of the disease in patients with\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the inhibitory function of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">TCZ<\/jats:italic>\n                    and anakinra in preventing mechanical ventilation and patient mortality. According to the result, studies suggest that decreased innate immune response against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">SARS-CoV-2<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) in association with the production of inflammatory cytokines is the determining and driving function of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">COVID-19<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2022.0185","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,16]],"date-time":"2023-04-16T23:22:44Z","timestamp":1681687364000},"page":"147-163","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["The Role of Inflammatory Cytokines (Interleukin-1 and Interleukin-6) as a Potential Biomarker in the Different Stages of\n                    <i>COVID-19<\/i>\n                    (Mild, Severe, and Critical)"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Mina","family":"Ghofrani Nezhad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giti","family":"Jami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, Iran."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Omid","family":"Kooshkaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Toxicology and Drug Abuse Research Center (MTDRC), Birjand University of Medical Sciences (BUMS), Birjand, 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