{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T01:47:21Z","timestamp":1789004841467,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,1]],"date-time":"2023-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1672531200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Interferon &amp; Cytokine Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>The human beta-coronavirus strain, OC43, provides a useful model for testing the antiviral activity of various agents. We compared the activity of several antiviral drugs against OC43, including remdesivir, chloroquine, interferon (IFN)-\u03b2, IFN-\u03bb1, and IFN-\u03bb4, in two distinct cell types: human colorectal carcinoma cell line (HCT-8 cells) and normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells. We also tested whether these agents mediate additive, synergistic, or antagonistic activity against OC43 infection when used in combination. When used as single agents, remdesivir exhibited stronger antiviral activity than chloroquine, and IFN-\u03b2 exhibited stronger activity than IFN-\u03bb1 or IFN-\u03bb4 against OC43 in both HCT-8 and NHBE cells. Anakinra (IL-1 inhibitor) and tocilizumab (IL-6 inhibitor) did not mediate any antiviral activity. The combination of IFN-\u03b2 plus chloroquine or remdesivir resulted in higher synergy scores and higher expression of IFN-stimulated genes than did IFN-\u03b2 alone. In contrast, the combination of remdesivir plus chloroquine resulted in an antagonistic interaction in NHBE cells. Our findings indicate that the combined use of IFN-\u03b2 plus remdesivir or chloroquine induces maximal antiviral activity against human coronavirus strain OC43 in primary human respiratory epithelial cells. Furthermore, our experimental OC43 virus infection model provides an excellent method for evaluating the biological activity of antiviral drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2022.0210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,18]],"date-time":"2023-01-18T10:02:17Z","timestamp":1674036137000},"page":"35-42","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Comparison of the Antiviral Activity of Remdesivir, Chloroquine, and Interferon-\u03b2 as Single or Dual Agents Against the Human Beta-Coronavirus OC43"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Brady T.","family":"Hickerson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Faruk","family":"Sheikh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0695-5276","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymond P.","family":"Donnelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8178-0472","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia A.","family":"Ilyushina","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biotechnology Review and Research II, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_5_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2021.11.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2019.104541"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30127-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-83987-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.0812395"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC120.013788"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.00009-22"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2665-9913(20)30164-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.706901"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkaa216"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0042-6822(03)00323-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13365-020-00926-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01509-08"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.10.011"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000292"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2558-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104811"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0308001101"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26355\/eurrev_202004_21038"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa185"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2006\/152612"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43440-020-00155-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa954"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciac523"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2020.102568"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00985-20"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_5_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2015.09.001"}],"container-title":["Journal of Interferon &amp; 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