{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,2]],"date-time":"2026-05-02T05:47:11Z","timestamp":1777700831460,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Interferon &amp; Cytokine Research"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Interferon lambda 4 (IFN-\u03bb4) is a novel type-III interferon that can be expressed only by carriers of the genetic variant rs368234815-dG within the first exon of the\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IFNL4<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Genetic inability to produce IFN-\u03bb4 (in carriers of the rs368234815-TT\/TT genotype) has been associated with improved clearance of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The IFN-\u03bb4-expressing rs368234815-dG allele (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IFNL4<\/jats:italic>\n                    -dG) is most common (up to 78%) in West sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), compared to 35% of Europeans and 5% of individuals from East Asia. The negative selection of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IFNL4<\/jats:italic>\n                    -dG outside Africa suggests that its retention in African populations could provide survival benefits, most likely in children. To explore this hypothesis, we conducted a comprehensive association analysis between\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IFNL4<\/jats:italic>\n                    genotypes and the risk of childhood Burkitt lymphoma (BL), a lethal infection-associated cancer most common in SSA. We used genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical data for 4,038 children from the Epidemiology of Burkitt Lymphoma in East African Children and Minors (EMBLEM) and the Malawi Infections and Childhood Cancer case\u2013control studies. Generalized linear mixed models fit with the logit link controlling for age, sex, country,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection status, population stratification, and relatedness found no significant association between BL risk and 3 coding genetic variants within\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IFNL4<\/jats:italic>\n                    (rs368234815, rs117648444, and rs142981501) and their combinations. Because BL occurs in children 6\u20139 years of age who survived early childhood infections, our results suggest that additional studies should explore the associations of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">IFNL4<\/jats:italic>\n                    -dG allele in younger children. This comprehensive study represents an important baseline in defining the health effects of IFN-\u03bb4 in African populations.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2023.0014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T09:30:36Z","timestamp":1687858236000},"page":"394-402","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["<i>IFNL4<\/i>\n                    Genotypes and Risk of Childhood Burkitt Lymphoma in East Africa"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"43","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3133-3652","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francine S.","family":"Baker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jeanny","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Oscar","family":"Florez-Vargas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nathan R.","family":"Brand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin D.","family":"Ogwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Uganda."},{"name":"EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Kerchan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda."},{"name":"EMBLEM Study, Kuluva Hospital, Arua, Uganda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven J.","family":"Reynolds","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Constance N.","family":"Tenge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pamela A.","family":"Were","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, Academic Model Providing Access To Healthcare (AMPATH), Eldoret, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert T.","family":"Kuremu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Walter N.","family":"Wekesa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, Moi University College of Health Sciences, Eldoret, Kenya."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nestory","family":"Masalu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, Bugando Medical Center, Mwanza, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esther","family":"Kawira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, Shirati Health, Education, and Development Foundation, Shirati, Tanzania."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tobias","family":"Kinyera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Uganda."},{"name":"EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaac","family":"Otim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Uganda."},{"name":"EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ismail D.","family":"Legason","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda."},{"name":"EMBLEM Study, Kuluva Hospital, Arua, Uganda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hadijah","family":"Nabalende","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"EMBLEM Study, St. Mary's Hospital, Lacor, Uganda."},{"name":"EMBLEM Study, African Field Epidemiology Network, Kampala, Uganda."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George","family":"Chagaluka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nora","family":"Mutalima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom."},{"name":"Cancer Epidemiology Unit, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Borgstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"George N.","family":"Liomba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steve","family":"Kamiza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nyengo","family":"Mkandawire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Collins","family":"Mitambo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Department, Ministry of Health, Lilongwe, Malawi."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth M.","family":"Molyneux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics and Surgery, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Blantyre, Malawi."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epidemiology and Cancer Statistics Group, Department of Health Sciences, University of York, York, United Kingdom."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9622-2091","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ludmila","family":"Prokunina-Olsson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, USA."}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8273-9831","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sam M.","family":"Mbulaiteye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Translational Genomics, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, Maryland, 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