{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T23:24:58Z","timestamp":1778628298486,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medicinal Food"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    The present study evaluated the efficacy of fennel seed methanolic extract (FSME) for its antioxidant, cytotoxic, and antitumor activities and for its capacity to serve as a nontoxic radioprotector in Swiss albino mice. We also assessed the natural antioxidant compounds of FSME for use in industrial application. Cytotoxic activity of FSME was evaluated in a mouse model of Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) and on different types of human cell lines\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The safety and optimum dose of FSME were determined. FSME, 100\u2009mg\/kg, was injected intraperitoneally into mice bearing EAC before the mice were exposed to three 2-Gy doses of gamma irradiation. After 30 days, mice were fasted for 18 hours and then sacrificed to observe the lifespan of EAC-bearing hosts. Malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase activity, glutathione content, and total protein in serum, liver tissue, and ascitic fluid were determined. Iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin, and ferritin were also evaluated in serum. The data showed the presence of different types of compounds in FSME, such as flavonoids, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenols, and sterols; estragole (71.099%) was the predominant alcohol, gallic acid was the phenolic compound (18.895%), and L-limonene was the most prevalent monoterpene hydrocarbon (11.967%). The mean\u00b1standard deviation 50% inhibitory concentrations were 50\u00b10.03\u2009\u03bcg\/mL for the MCF7 breast cancer cell line and 48\u00b1022\u2009\u03bcg\/mL for the Hepg-2 liver cancer cell line. The significant increase in MDA levels and the significant decrease in catalase activity and glutathione content in liver and tumor tissue in mice bearing EAC were ameliorated after FSME administration. In contrast, total protein content was increased in ascitic fluid. Serum iron was inversely proportional to the levels of ferritin and transferrin and total iron-binding capacity. Administration of FSME before irradiation exerted a cytoprotective effect against gamma irradiation, as manifested by a restoration of the MDA level, catalase activity, and GSH content to near-normal levels. In conclusion, FSME may have remarkable anticancer potential against a breast cancer cell line (MCF7) and liver cancer cell line (Hepg-2). It also showed strong free radical\u2013scavenging activity (100%). Thus, FSME may reduce oxidative stress and protect mouse cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species. In addition, it could be used as a safe, effective, and easily accessible source of natural antioxidants to improve the oxidative stability of fatty foods during storage. FSME also exhibited an antitumor effect by modulating lipid peroxidation and augmenting the antioxidant defense system in EAC-bearing mice with or without exposure to radiation.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2008.0255","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,8,3]],"date-time":"2011-08-03T20:24:53Z","timestamp":1312403093000},"page":"986-1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":95,"title":["Antioxidant and Anticarcinogenic Effects of Methanolic Extract and Volatile Oil of Fennel Seeds (\n                    <i>Foeniculum vulgare<\/i>\n                    )"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ragaa Hosny","family":"Mohamad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amal Mohamad","family":"El-Bastawesy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Technology Research","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mohamad Gamil","family":"Abdel-Monem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Assmaa Mahmoud","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Middle Eastern Regional Radioisotopes Center for the Arab Countries","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussain Abdel Rahman","family":"Al-Mehdar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"King Abdul Aziz University","place":["Saudi Arabia"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabry Mohamad","family":"Sharawy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mahmuod Mohamad","family":"El-Merzabani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","place":["Egypt"]}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_1_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpba.2006.07.029"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-1026(199911\/12)14:6<379::AID-FFJ833>3.0.CO;2-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(00)00153-2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0308-8146(01)00277-1"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2004.07.019"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_7_2","first-page":"59","article-title":"Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) changes the levels of peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals","volume":"36","author":"Chithra V","year":"1999","unstructured":"Chithra V, , Leelamma S. Foeniculum vulgare (fennel) changes the levels of peroxides and activity of antioxidant enzymes in experimental animals. Indian J Biochem Biophys, 1999; 36:59\u201361.","journal-title":"Indian J Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0023-6438(02)00226-8"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_9_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2005.09.067"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_10_2","first-page":"895","article-title":"The antitumor activities of flavonoids","volume":"19","author":"Kanadaswami C","year":"2005","unstructured":"Kanadaswami C, , Lee LT, , Lee PP et al. The antitumor activities of flavonoids. In Vivo, 2005; 19:895\u2013909.","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_11_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0367-326X(03)00028-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_12_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2006.02.009"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00008469-199508000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/J157v04n04_03"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_15_2","first-page":"95","volume-title":"Program and abstracts of the Seventh Annual U.A.E. University Al-Ain, Research Conference STD","author":"Fatima SK","year":"2005","unstructured":"Fatima SK, , Abdulaziz AH, , Alaa El Din H, , Shahnaz MQ. Protective effects of fennel extract (Foeniculum vulgare mill.) on diethyldithiocarbamate-induced liver toxicity in rats. Program and abstracts of the Seventh Annual U.A.E. University Al-Ain, Research Conference STD, 2005; 95."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.FP0040184"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_17_2","first-page":"823","volume-title":"Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry","author":"Adams RP","year":"1995","unstructured":"Adams RP. Identification of essential oil components by gas chromatography\/mass spectrometry. Allured Publishing: Carol Stream, IL, USA, 1995; 823\u2013826."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_18_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00071a014"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_19_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2003.05.007"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_20_2","first-page":"608","volume-title":"HPLC Tips and Tricks","author":"Gertz CH","year":"1990","unstructured":"Gertz CH. HPLC Tips and Tricks. Alden Press: Oxford, 1990; 608."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_21_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf0346713"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_22_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02636102"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_23_2","first-page":"57","article-title":"Zur bestimmung der Oxydationsstabilitatvon olen und fetten","volume":"70","author":"Hadorn H","year":"1974","unstructured":"Hadorn H, , Zurcher K. Zur bestimmung der Oxydationsstabilitatvon olen und fetten. Deutsche Lebensmittel Rundschau, 1974; 70:57\u201365.","journal-title":"Deutsche Lebensmittel Rundschau"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_24_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02677024"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_25_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/82.13.1107"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_26_2","first-page":"330","volume-title":"Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Techniques","author":"Freshney I","year":"1994","unstructured":"Freshney I. Culture of Animal Cells: A Manual of Basic Techniques, 4th. John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1994; 330\u2013331.","edition":"4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_27_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.79.5.428"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_28_2","first-page":"764","volume-title":"Methods in Enzymology","author":"Chance B","year":"1955","unstructured":"Chance B, , Maehly A. Benzo(a)pyrene-induced for stomach neoplasia in mice. Methods in Enzymology, II Colowick SP, , Kaplan NO. Academic Press: New York, 1955; 764\u2013781."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_29_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01234480"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_30_2","first-page":"882","article-title":"Improved method for determination of blood glutathione","volume":"61","author":"Beutler E","year":"1963","unstructured":"Beutler E, , Duron O, , Kelly B. Improved method for determination of blood glutathione. J Lab Clin Med, 1963; 61:882.","journal-title":"J Lab Clin Med"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_31_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(79)90708-7"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_32_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)52451-6"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_33_2","first-page":"679","volume-title":"Practical Clinical Chemistry","author":"Harper H","year":"1974","unstructured":"Harper H. Practical Clinical Chemistry. William Heinemann Medical Books: Londonand Wiley Interscience, New York,1974; 679."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_34_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0272-6386(95)90649-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_35_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4067\/S0716-97602003000200015"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_36_2","volume-title":"Basic, Clinical Biostatistics","author":"Saunders DB","year":"2001","unstructured":"Saunders DB, , Trapp GR. Basic, Clinical Biostatistics, 3rd. Appleton & Lange: Norwalk, CT, USA, 2001.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_37_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/66.6.981"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_38_2","first-page":"77","volume-title":"Free Radicals and Food Additives","author":"Addis PB","year":"1991","unstructured":"Addis PB, , Warner GJ. The potential gerbil aspects of lipid oxidation products in food. Free Radicals and Food Additives. Aruoma OI, , Halliwell B. London: Taylor and Francis, 1991; 77\u2013119."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_39_2","first-page":"293","article-title":"Change in the antioxidative activity of mouse liver during experimental carcinogenesis","volume":"18","author":"Burlankova YE","year":"1973","unstructured":"Burlankova YE, , Molochkina YE. Change in the antioxidative activity of mouse liver during experimental carcinogenesis. Biofizika, 1973; 18:293.","journal-title":"Biofizika"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_40_2","first-page":"47","article-title":"Effect of gamma irradiation on lipid peroxidation in rats and humans","volume":"7","author":"Changdao W","year":"1989","unstructured":"Changdao W, , Xingcheng L, , Yuyu Z, , Changshao X, , Zhiying Y. Effect of gamma irradiation on lipid peroxidation in rats and humans. J Radiat Res Radiat Proc, 1989; 7:47.","journal-title":"J Radiat Res Radiat Proc"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_41_2","first-page":"331","volume-title":"Antioxidant Activities in Normal and Transformed Mouse","author":"Sun Y","year":"1989","unstructured":"Sun Y, , Oberley LW, , El-well JH, , Sierra R. Antioxidant Activities in Normal and Transformed Mouse. Harper & Row: New York, 1989; 331."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_42_2","first-page":"1955","article-title":"Copper and zinc containing superoxide dismutase manganese containing superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in normal and neoplastic human cell lines and normal human tissues","volume":"42","author":"Marklund SL","year":"1982","unstructured":"Marklund SL, , Westman NG, , Lundgren E, , Roos G. Copper and zinc containing superoxide dismutase manganese containing superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase in normal and neoplastic human cell lines and normal human tissues. Cancer Res, 1982; 42:1955.","journal-title":"Cancer Res"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_43_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)83842-5"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_44_2","first-page":"4","article-title":"International medicine","volume":"24","author":"Pippard MJ","year":"1996","unstructured":"Pippard MJ, , Heppleston AD. International medicine. Haematology, 1996; 24:4\u20138.","journal-title":"Haematology"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_45_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/3578329"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_46_2","first-page":"2060","volume-title":"Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry","author":"Fairbanks VF","year":"1994","unstructured":"Fairbanks VF, , Klee GG. Biochemical aspects of hematology. Tietz Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 2nd Burtis CA, , Ashwood ER. Saunders: Philadelphia, 1994; 2060\u20132068.","edition":"2"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_47_2","first-page":"178","volume-title":"Applied Biochemistry of Clinical Disorders","author":"Goldberg DM","year":"1980","unstructured":"Goldberg DM, , Gornall AG. Hepatobiliary disorders. Applied Biochemistry of Clinical Disorders. Gornall AG. Harper & Row: New York, 1980; 178\u2013184."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_48_2","first-page":"1699","volume-title":"Textbook of Clinical Chemistry","author":"Tietz NW","year":"1999","unstructured":"Tietz NW. Textbook of Clinical Chemistry, 3rd Burtis CA, , Ashwood ER. Saunders: Philadelphia, 1999; 1699\u20131703.","edition":"3"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_49_2","first-page":"328","volume-title":"Applied Biochemistry of Clinical Disorders","author":"Heininger JA","year":"1980","unstructured":"Heininger JA, , McNeely MD. Applied Biochemistry of Clinical Disorders. Gornall AG. Harper & Row: New York, 1980; 328\u2013331."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_50_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-961480"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_51_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01635588909513999"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_52_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4613-4349-3_18"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_53_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1995.64062458.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_54_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0360-3016(79)90044-0"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_55_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2004.05.005"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_56_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/jf020540a"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_57_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00216-002-1264-4"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_58_2","first-page":"770","volume-title":"Herbs, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of the Temperate Zone","author":"Simon JE","year":"1984","unstructured":"Simon JE, , Chadwick AF, , Craker LE. Herbs, Aromatic and Medicinal Plants of the Temperate Zone. Hamden, CT, USA: Archone Books, 1984; 770\u2013781."},{"key":"e_1_3_1_59_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ffj.1929"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_60_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2008.10.008"},{"key":"e_1_3_1_61_2","first-page":"452","article-title":"In-vitro cytoprotection activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Helicteres isorain cultured human blood lymphocytes and antitumour activity against B16F10 melanoma cell line","volume":"1","author":"Madhulika P","year":"2008","unstructured":"Madhulika P, , Sribhuwaneswari S, , Karthikeyan D et al. In-vitro cytoprotection activity of Foeniculum vulgare and Helicteres isorain cultured human blood lymphocytes and antitumour activity against B16F10 melanoma cell line. Res J Pharm Tech, 2008; 1:452\u2013459.","journal-title":"Res J Pharm Tech"}],"container-title":["Journal of Medicinal Food"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1089\/jmf.2008.0255","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/jmf.2008.0255","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1089\/jmf.2008.0255","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T14:15:11Z","timestamp":1777644911000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/10.1089\/jmf.2008.0255"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1089\/jmf.2008.0255"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1089\/jmf.2008.0255","relation":{},"ISSN":["1096-620X","1557-7600"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1096-620X","type":"print"},{"value":"1557-7600","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}}}