{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,22]],"date-time":"2026-07-22T21:59:21Z","timestamp":1784757561081,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medicinal Food"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Garlic has been used medicinally throughout human history. Allicin is considered the most therapeutic constituent of garlic. This study tested the antimicrobial activity of garlic allicin on oral pathogens associated with dental caries and periodontitis. Allicin was found effective against all the tested bacteria. The broth dilution method revealed that planktonic growth of the cariogenic, gram-positive species\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Streptococcus mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. sobrinus,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Actinomyces oris<\/jats:italic>\n                    was inhibited by an allicin concentration of 600\u2009\u03bcg\/mL or higher. Planktonic growth of the tested gram-negative periopathogenic species\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Fusobacterium nucleatum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was inhibited by a minimum allicin concentration of 300\u2009\u03bcg\/mL.\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">Porphyromonas gingivalis,<\/jats:italic>\n                    an anaerobic, gram-negative pathogen and the bacterium most associated with chronic periodontitis, demonstrated the lowest sensitivity to allicin (2,400\u2009\u03bcg\/mL). Gel zymography and the synthetic chromogenic substrate\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">N<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sub>\u03b1<\/jats:sub>\n                    -benzoyl-L-arginine 4-nitroanilide hydrochloride demonstrated that allicin inhibits the proteases of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">P. gingivalis,<\/jats:italic>\n                    including the arginine and lysine gingipains known as major virulence factors of this organism. A gingipain-inactivated mutant demonstrated high sensitivity to allicin (&lt;300\u2009\u03bcg\/mL), revealing that gingipains confer resistance to allicin. Live\/dead staining followed by analysis with confocal laser scanning microscopy revealed that allicin was bactericidal to\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">S. mutans<\/jats:italic>\n                    grown in mature biofilms. However, this bactericidal effect was reduced as biofilm depth increased. In conclusion, these results support the traditional medicinal use of garlic and suggest the use of allicin for alleviating dental diseases.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2010.0165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,5,6]],"date-time":"2011-05-06T21:32:00Z","timestamp":1304717520000},"page":"1338-1343","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Garlic Allicin as a Potential Agent for Controlling Oral Pathogens"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Gilad","family":"Bachrach","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Areen","family":"Jamil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronit","family":"Naor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Golan","family":"Tal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zvi","family":"Ludmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University of Jerusalem","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doron","family":"Steinberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Dental Medicine","place":["Israel"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.1998.tb02419.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_3_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2381"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_4_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1902\/annals.2003.8.1.115"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_5_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-051X.2006.01040.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_6_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2007.00403.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_7_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2174\/138920009787048365"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_8_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/plef.1998.0006"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_9_2","first-page":"37","volume-title":"Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium Sativum L. and Related Species","author":"Hann G","year":"1996","unstructured":"Hann G, , Koch PH. History, folk medicine, legendary uses of garlic. Garlic: The Science and Therapeutic Application of Allium Sativum L. and Related Species. Baltimore: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 1996; 37\u2013107."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_10_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s002530100722"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_11_2","volume-title":"Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science","author":"Block E","year":"2010","unstructured":"Block E. Garlic and Other Alliums: The Lore and the Science. Cambridge, United Kingdom: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_12_2","unstructured":"WHO monographs on selected medicinal plant. World Health Organization 1999. http:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/1999\/9241545178.pdf. 2011Mar."},{"key":"e_1_3_3_13_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1875-595X.2002.tb00638.x"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_14_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/ja01239a048"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_15_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(99)80003-3"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_16_2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-4165(97)00104-9"},{"key":"e_1_3_3_17_2","first-page":"24","article-title":"Combined action of streptomycin and chloramphenicol with plant antibiotics against tubercle bacilli. I. Streptomycin and chloramphenicol with cepharanthine. II. Streptomycin and allicin","volume":"5","author":"Gupta KC","year":"1955","unstructured":"Gupta KC, , Viswanathan R. Combined action of streptomycin and chloramphenicol with plant antibiotics against tubercle bacilli. I. Streptomycin and chloramphenicol with cepharanthine. II. Streptomycin and allicin. 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