{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:12:27Z","timestamp":1791324747109,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"SAGE Publications","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]],"date-time":"2015-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1425168000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/page\/policies\/text-and-data-mining-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["journals.sagepub.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Medicinal Food"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Liver fibrosis, a common condition occurring during the evolution of almost all chronic liver diseases, is the consequence of hepatocyte injury that leads to the activation of Kupffer cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSC). Silymarin (Si) is a herbal product widely used for its hepatoprotective potential. Our study aims to investigate the effects of two different doses of Silymarin on a CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    -induced model of liver fibrosis with a focus on the early stages of liver injury. Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups (\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">n<\/jats:italic>\n                    =10): control group (sunflower oil twice a week); CMC group (carboxymethyl cellulose five times a week, sunflower oil twice a week); CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    group (CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    in sunflower oil, by gavage, twice a week); CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    +Si 50 group (CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    twice a week, Silymarin 50\u2009mg\/b.w. in CMC five times a week); and CCl\n                    <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                    +Si 200 group (similar to the previous group, with Si 200\u2009mg\/b.w.). One month after the experiment began we explored hepato-cytolysis (aminotransferases and lactate dehydrogenase), oxidative stress, fibrosis (histological score, hyaluronic acid), markers of HSC activation (transforming growth factor\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 [TGF-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    1], and\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -smooth muscle actin [\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -SMA] expression by western blot) and activation of Kupffer cells by immunohistochemistry. Our data showed that Si 50\u2009mg\/b.w. had the capacity of reducing oxidative stress, hepato-cytolysis, fibrosis, activation of Kupffer cells, and the expression of\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b1<\/jats:italic>\n                    -SMA and TGF-\n                    <jats:italic toggle=\"yes\">\u03b2<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 with better results than Si 200\u2009mg\/b.w. Thus, the usual therapeutic dose of Silymarin, administered in the early stages of fibrotic changes is capable of inhibiting the fibrogenetic mechanism and the progression of initial liver fibrosis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2013.0179","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,8,18]],"date-time":"2014-08-18T16:20:23Z","timestamp":1408378823000},"page":"290-298","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/sage-journals-update-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":90,"title":["Silymarin Inhibits the Progression of Fibrosis in the Early Stages of Liver Injury in CCl\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    -Treated Rats"],"prefix":"10.1177","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Simona","family":"Clichici","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana","family":"Olteanu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andras-Laszlo","family":"Nagy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Oros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Filip","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Petru A.","family":"Mircea","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"\u201cIuliu Hatieganu\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy","place":["Romania"]}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"179","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2015,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_3_3_2_2","first-page":"313","volume-title":"Schiff's Diseases of the liver","author":"Malhi H","year":"2007","unstructured":"Malhi H, , Gores GJ: Mechanism of liver injury. 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